Ⅰ. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement.
1. "Oil is a natural substance. When it is obtained from the oil well and refined into petrol, it becomes a cultural product." From the above example, we can see that culture is a ______ phenomenon.
2. Eskimo tribes commonly have as many as seven different words for snow while certain African cultures in the equatorial forest of Zaire have no word for snow. Such phenomenon shows that ______.
11. The red color is usually associated with celebrations and joyful occasions in English speaking countries and in China, which can be seen in the following expressions EXCEPT "______".
A.a red letter day
B.waving a red flag
C.painting the town red
D.the red carpet
A B C D
B
[解析] 无论是在讲英语的国家还是在中国,红色都常与庆祝和喜庆场合相联系,如“a red letter day(节日)”“paint the town red(狂欢)”“the red carpet(隆重欢迎)”等;而当红色与某种感情相联系时就是另外一层意思,如Waving a red flag表示“做令人发怒的事”。
12. Metaphors occur frequently in daily conversations to show speakers' views on things both in Chinese and in English. The following metaphorical expressions show that ideas are people EXCEPT "______".
A.新思想萌芽
B.旧观念复活
C.His ideas will live on forever
D.He breathed new life into that idea
A B C D
A
[解析] 在有关“观念”的隐喻中,“新思想萌芽”中把“观念”比作植物;“旧观念复活”“His ideas will live on forever.”“He breathed new life into that idea.”中把“观念”比作人。
13. Your ticket. (2)Will you please show your ticket? (3)Your ticket, please. (4)Would you mind showing your ticket? Please arrange the above statements in an order of increasing degrees of formality and politeness.
16. "Our garden didn't do very well this year. By contrast, the orchard is looking very healthy." There is ______ relation between the above sentences.
17. "The little parcel of light of one particular frequency in which radiant energy is delivered is sometimes called a 'light dart', but is more generally known as a photon." The above sentence shows that in English for science and technology, there is frequent use of ______."
20. If you are ordering two hamburgers in McDonald's, you're likely to say that you want two hamburgers and at the same time hold up two fingers to signify "two". This nonverbal message fulfills the function of ______.
A.complementing
B.repeating
C.contradicting
D.substituting
A B C D
B
[解析] 重复功能是指起到重复语言信息,功能的非语言信息在语言信息不存在时可以单独起作用。题干中例句的非语言信息“hold up two fingers”和语言信息“want two hamburgers”相互重复。
Ⅱ. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which alternatives can complete the statement. There might be more than one correct answer.
1. "______" are important properties of language.
A.Language is systematic
B.Language is human specific
C.Language is used to understand and describe the world
5. "Carry coals to Newcastle", "It is as hard to please a knave as a knight" and "An Englishman's home is his castle" are proverbs that are related to ______.
A.the history of England
B.individualism
C.geography
D.Christianity
A B C D
ABC
[解析] 题干中给出的谚语,第一句与地理有关,第二句与英国历史有关,第三句与个人主义有关。
6. Metaphors are used in the following sentences EXCEPT "______"
A.That young man is a bear at physics.
B.His uncle is an old fox, up to all the evils.
C.When I won the first prize in the competition, my mother was as proud as a peacock and told all the neighbours about it.
D.Although he was 40 years old, he behaved like a 10-year-old schoolboy in front of his primary school teacher.
Ⅲ. Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression.
1. Culture in its narrow sense can be defined as ______ of a population.
lifeway
2. Words like "hotdog", "hamburger" and "sandwich" reflect ______ styles of English speakers.
living
3. The utterances "下雨了" "已经九点了", and "很冷" in Chinese show that to the Chinese people ______ is more important than grammatical explicitness and consistency.
simplicity
4. Since the Chinese people think highly of ______, they might consider it bad taste to praise their family members before others.
modesty
5. ______ events can also be a source of English allusions, as seen in "marathon" and "Waterloo".
Historical
6. In both English and Chinese "black" is often associated with ______ qualities, as in "blacklist" and "black hearted".
negative
7. As an English teacher once said jokingly, if one dares to use "Jesus Christ" or "Holy Mary" to swear others, he must get ready to fight. This example shows that swear words, profane or obscene oaths or words are ______ in English.
taboo
8. The drawing of a general conclusion from a number of known facts is ______.
induction
9. An English news report normally consists of a headline, a ______ and a story.
lead
10. In both English and Chinese body language systems, ______ one's head may signal either disagreement or disappointment.
shaking
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions briefly.
1. How are language, culture and thought related?
Language, thought and culture are seen as three parts of a whole. None of them can operate independently. The three aspects interact, each influencing and shaping the other two. They can never be separated.
2. What's the difference between "药店" in Chinese and "drugstore" in American English and "chemist's shop" in British English?
In a "药店" medicines and some kinds of medical apparatus are sold. In a "drugstore" or a "chemist's shop", medicines, toiletries and various other small articles such as soft drinks, magazines, etc. are sold. One can buy most kinds of medicines in a "药店" while without a doctor's prescription one can buy only a few kinds of medicine in a "drugstore" or in a "chemist's shop".
3. The lead in a news report normally presents briefly five Ws. What Ws are presented in the following news lead? "Thunderstorms caused a power failure on the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway on, Sunday, paralyzing southbound trains for 90 minutes."
This lead presents: who: thunderstorms; what: thunderstorms caused a power failure, paralyzing southbound trains for 90 minutes; when: on Sunday; where: on the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway.
4. What is psychological time orientation?
This orientation refers to how people feel, think, or perceive time and how it influences their daily communication and lives.
Ⅴ. Translation
1. Strike while the iron is hot.
趁热打铁。
2. Request the honour of your presence.
敬请光临。
3. return ticket
往返票
4. 您有何高见?
What's your opinion? /I'd like to have your opinion.
5. 拜年
pay a New Year call
6. 蝼蚁之穴能溃千里之堤。
A small leak will sink a great ship.
Ⅵ. Discuss the following topics.
1. Please use "industrial action", "disturbance" and "incomplete success" as examples to illustrate the English euphemisms in mass media about political, socioeconomic affairs and international relations.
Euphemisms are frequently used in mass media about political, socioeconomic affairs and international relations to avoid the unpleasantness of terms or expressions. For example, "industrial action" may be used for "strike" and a "riot" may become a "disturbance". A "failure" is called an "incomplete success".
2. Illustrate cross-cultural differences between English and Chinese thanks, by referring to the following situations. (1)A salesgirl passes an article on to the customer. (2)An American professor has prepared a letter of recommendation for his student.
In both English and Chinese culture, there are expressions of gratitude. For example, there are in English "Thank you, Many Thanks, I am really appreciative of your time, I'm grateful for what you have done for me", etc. And in Chinese, there are "谢谢, 非常感谢, 多谢了", etc. They are quite similar. However, there are cultural differences among them. In situation (1), polite expressions such as "thank you" are often omitted by the Chinese customers for they think it a minor favour, while English speakers think it necessary to give thanks. In situation (2), it is customary for the student to say "Thank you very much. I really appreciate your help." But a Chinese may consider it a major favour and say "真对不起, 浪费了您这么多时间", which is annoying to English speakers.