20. It was not until the 1860s ______ Abraham Lincoln declared the last Thursday of November to be a national holiday. A. whenever B. that C. when D as
PART TWO Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks with one of the items given.
1. Besides, Beside, Although; affect, are affecting, are affected ______ the ill effect of smoking on smokers themselves, non-smokers, too, ______ when their family members or strangers light up in their presence.
2. to look, looking, looked; medium, media, middle Not too long ago, the Internet was about ______ up information, or a ______ for interpersonal communication, a replacement for the telephone or post office.
looking;medium
[解析] be about doing意思是“关于”;由or可知,后面的结构应该是作表语,与was构成系表结构,且空格前是a,则空格处一定是一个可数名词单数,由句意可知,答案为medium。
3. are tending, tended, tends; which, that, where The delivery of public services ______ to be a new area ______ we decorate an out-of-date process with technology in a different way.
4. that, which, what; efficient, efficiently, efficiency A green product is one ______ has less impact on the environment, using less resources, creating less waste, and being more energy ______.
5. falled, falls, fell; nonadequate, unadequate, inadequate If Spain ______ into crisis, then all current mechanisms for dealing with the crisis will turn out to be ______.
6. else, elses', else's; depress, depressing, depressed She has a strong tendency to blame herself and to try and meet everyone ______ expectations, which is one reason she is so ______.
7. believed, were believed, were believing; sheep, sheeps, sheeping What ______ to be aliens from outer space were actually several ______ going astray.
were believed;sheep
[解析] what引导的名词性从句缺少谓语动词,sb. /sth. be believed to do sth. 为固定用法,所以填were believed;空格前为several,故空格处应填名词,sheep为单复数同形词,所以填sheep。
8. between, among, across; consistent, consistently, inconsistent Standing in the forefront of various achievements ______ both the Arts and the Sciences, Oxford research ______ ranks top both nationally and internationally~
1. With a determiner: With the spreading of the disease, ______ the village sank into deep panic.
all
[解析] all可与单数名词连用,表示某事在某段时间内持续发生,意思为“整个的,全部的”。
2. With a determiner: Both buses go to the airport. You can take ______ of them.
either
[解析] 句首为both,再结合甸意,空格处应填either,表示两者中的其中一个。
3. With a determiner: Our culture is ______ people's culture. It reflects the aspirations of the people.
a
[解析] a可以和可数名词单数形式连用,可以将一类事物作为一个整体。
4. With a determiner: British writer Alex Garland's novel The Beach, based on the author's experiences as ______ backpacker, was turned into a blockbuster film.
a
[解析] a作为冠词,用于以辅音开头的单词前。
5. With a modal verb: This bottle of milk has turned sour. You ______ have put it in the refrigerator.
should
[解析] should have done表示本来应该做某事,事实上却没有做,从而造成了某种后果。在本句中,milk has turned sour即为后果。
6. With a modal verb: The great 19th century explorer John Muir once said: "Only by going alone in silence, without baggage, ______ one truly get into the heart of the wilderness."
can
[解析] can可以表示“能”,且only by doing sth. can sb. do是常见的用法,所以空格处填can。
7. With a modal verb: We ______ leave so soon. The show doesn't start till eight.
needn't
[解析] needn't do sth. 表示“没有必要做某事”。由句意可知,表演8点才开始,所以没有必要很快就走,所以空格处填needn't。
8. With an appropriate preposition: The bus doesn't go to the museum. You will have to change ______ People's Square.
9. With an appropriate preposition: After about six years inside a reactor, nuclear materials are usually moved to a fuel pool to let their radiation die ______.
out
[解析] die out意思为“消失”,die away意思为“逐渐减弱,逐渐模糊”。由句意可知,die out正确。
10. With an appropriate preposition: It is difficult for a casual observer to distinguish ______ artificial and natural lakes.
between
[解析] distinguish between A and B是固定用法,且由and也可推测出空格处应填between。
11. With an appropriate preposition: They are talking about the writer ______ whose works my acquaintance is slight.
with
[解析] acquaintance with sth. 表示对某物熟悉,whose引导的定语从句的先行词为the writer,该定语从句为常见的“介词+引导词”的定语从句。本句句意:他们正在谈论那个作家,我对其作品不太熟悉。
12. With an appropriate relative pronoun or relative adverb: This custom, ______ originated many centuries ago, is slowly disappearing.
14. With an appropriate relative pronoun or relative adverb: Young migrant workers constitute the main labor force in the second industry, ______ comprises mainly of manufacturing.
which
[解析] 分析句子结构可知,空格处应为表示物的引导词。由先行词the second industry及其后的逗号可知,空格处只能填which,而不能填that。
15. With an appropriate relative pronoun or relative adverb: Many American people are going to settle in North Carolina, ______ land is cheap.
17. With an appropriate coordinator or subordinator: You should respect the opinions of others, and at the same time you should insist upon ______ you believe is right.
what
[解析] what引导一个名词性从句,作insist on的宾语。
18. With a question tag: There isn't any gas station here. We'd better stop at the next place, ______?
20. With a question tag: Let's not waste time doing these useless things, ______?
shall we
[解析] 由Let's引导的祈使句,不论是肯定还是否定,一般用“shall we”作为附加部分。
Ⅳ. Rewrite the following sentences as required.
1. Using passive voice: He has donated all his money to a charity organization for homeless children.
All his money has been donated to a charity organization for homeless children.
2. Using passive voice: The traffic police are going to punish you for your drunken driving.
You are going to be punished for your drunken driving by the traffic police.
3. Using a modal auxiliary: It is our duty to devote ourselves to building a powerful China.
We should/ought to devote ourselves to building a powerful China.
4. Using a non-finite verb form: Tom believed that Mary was innocent.
Tom believed Mary to be innocent.
5. Using a non-finite verb form: A miser who is parted from his money must be very desperate.
A miser parted from his money must be very desperate.
6. Using a simple preposition: I want to congratulate you. You have been admitted to the doctoral program.
I want to congratulate you on (your) being admitted to the doctoral program.
7. Using a disjunct: It is natural that he will take after his father.
Naturally, he will take after his father.
8. Using a relative clause: The tests do not measure a genuine intellectual ability. Colleges use the tests to screen applicants for admission.
The tests, which colleges use to screen applicants for admission, do not measure a genuine intellectual ability. or Colleges use the tests, which do not measure a genuine intellectual ability, to screen applicants for admission.
9. Using a relative clause: Wind power is an ancient source of energy. People are now trying to harness wind power.
Wind power is an ancient source of energy which/that people are now trying to harness. or Wind power, which people are now trying to harness, is an ancient source of energy.
10. Using coordination: For the first time I saw my father not as the giant of my childhood. I saw my father simply as a lonely man.
For the first time I saw my father not as the giant of my childhood but simply as a lonely man.
11. Using subordination: Most people are interested in the proposed tax reform being debated in the congress. They hope it will lower taxes for them.
Most people are interested in the proposed tax reform being debated in the congress because/since/as they hope it will lower taxes for them.
12. Reinforcing the negation: No one is sure of the reason why she suddenly quit her job in the company.
Not a single person is sure of the reason why she suddenly quit her job in the company.
13. Using exclamation: The old lecturer made a very boring speech this morning.
How boring a speech the old lecturer made this morning! or What a boring speech the old lecturer made this morning!
14. Using fronting: I just don't know what will happen next.
What will happen next I just don't know.
15. Using inversion: I had hardly reached home when it started to rain.
Hardly had I reached home when it started to rain.
Ⅴ. Answer the following question.
1. Please list the relationship and the difference between adverbials and adverbs.
Adverbials and adverbs are similar but not the same. An adverbial is a sentence element or functional category, a part of a sentence performing a certain function. An adverb is a type of word or part of speech. An adverb may serve as an adverbial, but an adverbial is not necessarily an adverb.
Ⅵ. Define the following terms with examples.
1. non-finite verbs
Non-finite verbs are verbs which are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. There are three types of non-finite verbs: infinitive, e. g. to speak; -ing participle, e. g. speaking; and -ed participle, e. g. spoken.
2. genitive
The genitive as a special form of a noun, a pronoun or an adjective is used to show possession or close connection between two things (e. g. Levi's car, the cover of the book), which used to be termed a "possession".
PART ONEⅠ. Choose the best answer from the choices