Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.
1. In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ______ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
6. The notion of ______ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.
10. There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? ______
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.
1. A d study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.
4. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c .
5. According to the b view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.
6. According to Austin's new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i act and perlocutionary act.
7. Sound a refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.
assimilation
[考点] 本题主要考查语音的同化。 [解析] 语音的同化指的是一个音对另外一个音的生理方面的影响。
8. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v languages.
vernacular
[考点] 本题主要考查非标准语。 [解析] 凡属标准语之外的那些语言变体都被叫做非标准语或本地语。
9. The c period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.
10. Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.
1. Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.
F Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. The word "language" preceded by the zero article in English implies that linguistics studies not any particular language, e. g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but languages in general.
8. Language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.
9. When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.
F When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we do not mean that language is the only means of expressing thought; there are also occasions when individuals use nonlinguistic means of communication.
Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples where appropriate for illustration.
1. arbitrariness
Arbitrariness is one of the twelve design features proposed by Charles Hockett, which means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages,
2. suprasegmental features
Suprasegmental features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments, which mainly include stress, tone and intonation.
3. morphology
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the roles by which words are formed.
4. finite clause
A finite clause is a clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. For example, John runs fast.
5. stylistic synonyms
Stylistic synonyms are words that have the same meaning but differ in style or degree of formality, for example, father is neutral while dad is casual.
6. constatives
Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are therefore verifiable in terms of truth values. For example, (I state) the earth is a globe.
7. cognate
A cognate is a word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in another language, as both languages have descended from a common source. For example, English "mother" and "father" are believed to be cognates of German "Mutter" and "Vater".
8. language planning
Language planning refers to language standardization, which means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across regional boundaries.
9. interpersonal communication
Interpersonal communication is a process by which language users convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to another, and control each other's behavior.
10. language acquisition
Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children's development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.
Ⅴ. Directions: Answer the following questions.
1. Which enjoys priority in modem linguistics, speech or writing? Why?
(1) Modem linguistics gives priority to the spoken form of language, which is considered as more basic than the written form for a number of reasons. (2) First, in any human society we know of, speech precedes writing. The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech. (3) While quite a number of languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms, there are still many languages that have only the spoken form. (4) And then in terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.
2. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.
The four maxims under the cooperative principle are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner. When we violate any of these maxims, our language becomes indirect, and conversational implicature will arise. For example, A: Would you like to come to our party tonight? B: I'm afraid I'm not feeling so well today. This is said when it is known to both A and B that B is not having any health problem that will prevent him from going to a party. Thus B is saying something that he himself knows to be false and is flouting the maxim of quality. The implicature produced is "I do not want to go to your party tonight."
第Ⅰ部分 选择题
Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statemen