Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A.Old English was a highly inflected language.
B.Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary.
C.The word "cloak" is of French origin.
D.Modern English is a synthetic language.
A B C D
D
2. Which of the following words is NOT from Chinese?
[解析] 词汇语境是指与讨论中的词一起出现的单词。这个词的意义经常受邻近词的影响,并被其定义。例如,paper在词典中有许多种意义,然而在a white paper中,它指政府文件。答案为B。
9. Conversion is a method ______.
A.of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech
B.of converting words of one meaning into different meaning
C.of deriving words through grammatical means
D.of changing words in morphological structure
A B C D
A
[解析] Conversion is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech. 转类法是将一种词类转化成另一种词类构成新词的方法。答案为A。
10. Which of the following about the definition of a word are right? (1) a minimal free form of a language (2) a sound unity (3) a unit of meaning (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence
A.(1)and(2).
B.(1),(2)and(3).
C.(2), (3) and(4).
D.(1),(2), (3)and(4).
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据对词所总结的定义“A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.”可知,本题正确答案为D。
11. As far as transfer is concerned, the phrase "loud colours" falls into the category of transfer ______.
16. In the sentence "An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou'wester usually brings rain. " the meaning of "sou' wester" can be inferred from the clue of ______.
20. Which of the following statements is not true?
A.Reference is the relationship between language and the world.
B.The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary.
C.Concept is universal to all men alike.
D.Sense denotes the relationships outside the language.
A B C D
D
[解析] Reference is the relationship between language and the world. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. 也就是说它们之间的关系是任意的和约定俗成的,所以A、B项都正确。同时Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. 所以C项正确。Unlike references,sense denotes the relationships inside the language,而不是outside。答案为D。
21. The meaning of picture changed by the mode of ______.
A.extension
B.narrowing
C.degradation
D.elevation
A B C D
A
[解析] The word picture, which originally denoted mere "painting", but now has come to include "drawings" and even "photographs". picture一词原意为“绘画”,现意为各种画,甚至连照片也包括在内。答案为A。
22. The following are all denominal suffixes EXCEPT ______.
A.-ful
B.-wise
C.-less
D.-ike
A B C D
B
23. ______ are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.
A.Contradictory terms
B.Relative terms
C.Contrary terms
D.None of the above
A B C D
C
24. The prefixes in words "neo-Nazi", "autobiography!" and "pan-European" are ______.
A.negative prefixes
B.prefixes of degree or size
C.prefixes of time and order
D.miscellaneous prefixes
A B C D
D
25. ______ refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates the following relationships such as word-class, tense meaning, etc.
A.Lexical meaning
B.Conceptual meaning
C.Grammatical meanings
D.Associative meaning
A B C D
C
[解析] Grammatical meanings refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. 答案为C。
26. The meaning of "fond" changed from "foolish" to "affectionate" by mode of ______.
A.extension
B.narrowing
C.elevation
D.degradation
A B C D
C
[解析] Fond originally means "foolish" and now means "affectionate". fond一词的词义从“愚蠢”变为“喜爱”,可见fond一词的词义升格了。答案为C。
27. Most desk dictionaries provide the following information EXCEPT ______.
28. The plural morpheme "-s" is pronounced as/s/in the following words EXCEPT ______.
A.marks
B.drags
C.shops
D.sheets
A B C D
B
29. ______ are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines.
A.Words from hack-formation
B.Acronyms
C.Blends
D.Clipped words
A B C D
C
[解析] 主要用于科技文章和报纸杂志文章的写作的是哪种构词?词的构成有以下几种方法:affixation(词缀法),compounding(复合法),conversion(转类法),blending(拼缀法),clipping(截短法),acronymy(首字母拼音法),back-formation(逆生法),words from proper names(专用名词转化而来的普通名词)。其中,拼缀法主要用于科技文章、报纸杂志文章的写作,是一个非常具有多产性的方法。答案为C。
30. The following are all examples of neologisms EXCEPT ______.
7. The word in bold in "Michael is the pride of the family." has undergone the transfer from ______.
abstract to concrete meaning
8. In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech, resulting in synonymous or ______ idioms.
antonymous
9. The ______ approach deals with the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time.
diachronic
[解析] 历时法涉及了词汇在历史中的变化和发展。答案为diachronic。
10. The pair of "queer" and "odd" can, serve as an example of ______.
relative synonyms
Ⅲ. Define the following terms.
1. non-linguistic context
Non-linguistic context, also called extra-linguistic context, refers to those situations and features which are not directly a part of the language in use but which either contribute in conveying a message or have an influence on language use.
2. back-formation
Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. Back-formation usually involves the following types of words. (1)Abstract nouns; (2)Human nouns; (3)Compound nouns and others; (4)Adjectives. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs.
3. complete synonyms
Complete synonyms, also known as absolute synonyms, are words identical in meaning in all its aspects.
4. absolute synonyms
Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i. e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning.
5. translation-loan
Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. The basic word stock have five obvious characteristics. Why should we say that "all national character" is the most important of all features among the five?
Not all the words of the basic word stock have the five characteristics. Take pronouns and numerals for example, they enjoy nationwide use and stability, but are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability.
2. What are the unique features of CCELD?
(1)The definition in this dictionary are all in full sentences. (2)The use of extra column to deal with grammar information. (3)Almost every meaning of a word has an example to show its meaning and usage, most in sentence form.
3. Supply two examples to illustrate that the influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning.
Pig/pork, sheep/mutton. In Old English, animals and their meat shared the same name. With the Norman Conquest and borrowing of corresponding French words, the English words were kept only for live animals and the French words for the animals killed and brought to the table.
4. How many types are there in word-meaning changes?
There are five types in word-meaning changes: (1)extension of meaning; (2)narrowing of meaning; (3)elevation; (4)degradation; (5)transfer. Of these, extension and narrowing are by far the most common.
Ⅴ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. Read the extract, pick out the idioms and explain their meanings. Then rewrite the extract in standard non-figurative language. Sam is getting on, too. His hair is pepper and salt, but he knows how to make up for lost time by taking it easy.
(1)highly figurative, full of idioms: ①getting on=getting old; ②pepper and salt=gray; ③make up for=compensate; ④lost time=wasted time; ⑤take it easy=relax. (2)standard version: Sam is getting old, too. His hair is turning gray, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing.
2. (1)Women are flowers. (2)Women are tigers. Study the above sentences. Analyze "women"'s grammatical meaning, conceptual meaning and connotative meaning in each sentence.
(1)"Women" in two sentences have the same grammatical meaning and conceptual meaning. Their grammatical meaning: they are all plural nouns and subjects in the sentences. (2)Their conceptual meaning: adult female human being. (3)In sentence①, the connotative meaning of "women"=beautiful, lovely. In sentence②, the connotative meaning of "women"=fierce, malicious.