Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.
1. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called ______ words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.
3. For beginners and elementary and lower-intermediate learners, ______ dictionary is essential.
A.monolingual
B.bilingual
C.specialized
D.encyclopedic dictionary
A B C D
B
[解析] For beginners, and elementary and lower-intermediate learners, a bilingual dictionary is essential as they do not know enough of the target language to understand fully a monolingual dictionary. 对于这些学习者而言,一本双语词典是必不可少的,因为他们对所学语言了解不够,不能完全读懂一本单语词典。答案为B。
4. If one wants to find out the minute difference between shades of meaning, the best source is ______.
A.a thesaurus
B.a synonym finder
C.an encyclopedia
D.an encyclopedic dictionary
A B C D
B
[解析] 如果想知道单词之间的概念意义有何差异,一本同义词词典将是理想之选。答案为B。
5. Which of the following is morphologically motivated?
A.Neigh.
B.Miniskirt.
C.Pen.
D.The mouth of a river.
A B C D
B
[解析] A项的“neigh”是个拟声理据词,形容马嘶叫的声音;C项的“pen”是个语义理据词;D项的“the mouth of a river”也同样是语义理据词。
6. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example ______.
A.lewd→ignorant
B.silly→foolish
C.last→pleasure
D.knave→boy
A B C D
B
7. If two main constituents of an idiom share the same initial sound, it is called ______.
A.repetition
B.alliteration
C.thyme
D.none of the above
A B C D
B
[解析] 头韵(alliteration)指两个或两个以上的单词首字母相同,从而形成悦耳的读音。常见的押头韵的短语有:first and foremost(首先),(with)might and main(尽全力地),chop and change(变化无常)等。脚韵或尾韵(rhyme)指的是不同的词结尾音相同。例如,fair and square(光明正大,诚实)。反复(repetition)指的是同一个词的重复。例如,out and out(完完全全)。因此,本题应选择B。
8. Degradation of meaning is the opposite of ______.
A.semantic transfer
B.semantic pejoration
C.semantic elevation
D.semantic narrowing
A B C D
C
9. In the idiom "powder one's nose", ______ is used.
A.metaphor
B.euphemism
C.metonymy
D.synecdoche
A B C D
B
[解析] 习语powder one's nose意为go to the restroom(上厕所),很显然,这是委婉语修辞的使用。答案为B。
10. Of the following word-formation processes, ______ is the most productive.
[解析] A项air n. //(天空),heir n. //(继承人);B项dear n. //(亲爱的人),deer n. //(鹿);C项son n. //(儿子),sun n. //(太阳);都属于同音异形异义词(homophones);而D项tear n. //(撕开,撕裂)属/(泪珠),tear vt. //于同形异音异义词(homographs)。答案为D。
12. Basic words are characterized with ______.
A.polysemy
B.collocability
C.productivity
D.all the above
A B C D
D
[解析] 基本词汇具有下列明显的特点:全民性、稳定性、能产性、多义性和搭配性。答案为D。
13. There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and ______.
A.chronic
B.realistic
C.specific
D.diachronic
A B C D
D
[解析] There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. 一般来说,词汇研究有两种方法:共时研究和历时研究。答案为D。
14. There is/are ______ mono-morphemic word(s) in the following words: bad, cow, geese, watches.
15. In modern times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.
A.creation
B.semantic change
C.borrowing
D.reviving archaic or obsolete words
A B C D
A
[解析] In modern times, creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. 答案为A。
16. Native words are characterized with ______.
A.high slangy feature in style
B.high argot feature in use
C.high markedness in style
D.high frequency in use
A B C D
D
[解析] 和外来语词相比,本族语词有两个特征:文体中性和使用频繁。
17. "Cut and carve" has ______ rhetorical colouring.
A.rhyme
B.alliteration
C.reiteration
D.juxtaposition
A B C D
C
[解析] 习语的修辞手法之一是同义的重叠(reiteration)。答案为C。
18. In spite of the differences, at least ______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.
A.sixty
B.seventy
C.eighty
D.ninety
A B C D
C
[解析] In spite of the differences, at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns. 书面形式与口语形式虽然有差异,但80%以上的拼写在书面语和口语中还是统一的。答案为C。
25. The word "sandwich" which now denotes a popular fast food originates from ______.
A.Faraday
B.John Montague
C.Bloomers
D.Thomas More
A B C D
B
[解析] The word sandwich, which now denotes a popular fast food. It originates from John Montague, Fourth Earl of Sandwich in 18th-century England. “三明治”一词源于英国18世纪三明治第四代伯爵John Montague。答案为B。
26. One important criterion to tell the fundamental difference between homonyms and ______. is to see their etymology.
A.hyponymy
B.polysemants
C.synonyms
D.antonyms
A B C D
B
27. Which of the following words is a functional word?
A.Often.
B.Never,
C.Although.
D.Desk.
A B C D
C
28. There is no difference between natural vitamins and synthetic vitamins. The synonym of "synthetic" is ______.
A.artificial
B.rhetoric
C.practical
D.theoretical
A B C D
A
29. Which of the following are perfect homonyms?______
30. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, and Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called ______.
A.Sanskrit
B.Latin
C.Celtic
D.Anglo-Saxon
A B C D
B
Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
1. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and ______.
grammatical context
2. In the phrase "the mouth of the river", the word "mouth" is ______ motivated.
semantically
[解析] semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.When we say "the mouth of a river", we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal. 词义理据是指由词的概念意义所暗示的联想意义,在说the mouth of a river时,我们是把河口与人或动物的口联系起来的;所以mouth在短语中属于语义理据。答案为semantically。
3. ______ is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing.
Transfer
4. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is ______ and conventional.
arbitrary
[解析] The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.答案为arbitrary。
9. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its ______.
collocation
[解析] Collective meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. 答案为collocation。
10. Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and ______.
associative meaning
Ⅲ. Define the following terms.
1. affixes
Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.
2. free morphemes
Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root. Therefore, we might as well say that free morphemes are free roots.
3. synonyms
Synonyms can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.
4. adjective suffix
The suffix that is added to the stem, whatever class it belongs to, the result will be an adjective.
5. clipping
One common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping.
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. To comment on the rhetorical use of homophones in the following ad: Seven days without 7-Up make one weak.
The message is from the fact that seven days make one week. But week and weak are homophones, i. e. the two words share the same pronunciation. Seven days and 7-Up(seven-up)both contain the same word seven. So the sentence can reminds people of the meanings: seven days without Seven-Up make your body weak.
2. Are a root and a stem the same, and why?
A root and a stem are not the same. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed. A stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus one or more affixational morphemes. Therefore, a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.
3. Does motivation contradict the theory of "arbitrariness and conventionality" concerning the relationship between linguistic symbols and their senses? Why?
No. Because motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbols and their meaning. But since the relationship between the word-form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary, words should be non-motivated. Nevertheless, many words are motivated to a certain extent in terms of sound, morphology, semantics, and etymology.
4. What is a semantic field?
A semantic field is a meaning area where words share the same concept. A semantic field is useful because it helps pin down the meanings of words in relation to other words in the semantic field. Often, a word is not known until the words that operate with it become known.
Ⅴ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. Make a tree diagram to arrange the following words in order of hyponym. apple, cabbage, food, vegetable, mutton, fruit, peach, meat, beef, orange, spinach, pork, celery
2. Comment on the sentence: "Structural stability of idioms is absolutely unchangeable." and explain the reasons.
(1)This statement is not true. (2) Characterized by semantic unity and structural stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule. But structural stability is not absolute. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience grammatical changes, such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns, number and so on. (3) Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms: addition, deletion, replacement, position-shifting, dismembering, etc.