PART ONE Ⅰ.Multiple Choice Directions: In this section, you are given 20 questions, beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.
1. In a Silent Way classroom, learners are expected to develop independence, autonomy and ______.
2. According to Krashen, ______ are used in very specific ways in second language performance.
A.learning and acquisition
B.learning and understanding
C.speaking and communication
D.speaking and understanding
A B C D
A
[解析] 克拉申认为,学习和习得被用在具体的第二语言行为中。
3. In the Grammar-Translation teaching, all the following types of questions are designed for students to check their understanding of the reading passage EXCEPT ______.
4. In order to succeed, the Natural Approach requires a ______ where students feel at home with each other and with the teacher and are willing to express themselves freely.
14. Johann Seidenstucker and other textbook writers combined ______, vocabulary, text and sentences to be translated as the typical pattern of the Grammar-Translation Method.
17. The first step of classroom procedures in the Oral Approach is ______.
A.listening practice with teacher
B.teacher's introducing new model
C.substitution drilling
D.teacher's elicitation
A B C D
A
[解析] 口语教学法课堂根据学生不同的外语水平采用不同的教学程序。这些教学程序包括:(1)Listening practice(听力练习);(2)Choral imitation(齐声模仿);(3)Individual imitation(单独模仿);(4)Isolation(突出难点);(5)Building up to a new model(为新句型做准备);(6)Elicitation(启发);(7)Substitution drills(替换练习);(8)Question-answer drills(问答练习);(9)Correction(改错练习)。
18. In linguistics, ______ began in the early 1960s and continues in various forms to the present day.
A.the functional school
B.the generative school
C.the structural school
D.the cognitive school
A B C D
B
[解析] 在语言学方面,生成语言学派于20世纪60年代早期开始出现,然后继续以各种形式存在至今。
19. ______ was developed in the late 19th century as a reaction against the Grammar-Translation Method.
20. Cognitive psychology deals with the study of the nature and learning of systems of knowledge, particularly those ______ involved in thought, perception, comprehension, memory and learning.
PART TWO Ⅱ.Filling Blanks Directions: In this section, there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.
1. Skinners and his like hold that the linguistic habits are formed through identifying and strengthening the ______ between stimuli and responses.
7. The Direct Method got its name from the assumption that ______ are to be connected directly with the target language, without going through process of translating into the students' native language.
9. According to Piaget, ______ is the process by which we modify what we already know to take into account new information.
accommodation
[解析] 按照皮亚杰的观点,适应是根据新信息修改我们已知信息的过程。
10. Chomsky believes that children are born with special language learning abilities; they do not have to be ______ language or corrected for their mistakes, but learn language by being exposed to it.
11. The Natural Approach claims that acquired knowledge is used to generate utterances while learned knowledge serves primarily as a monitoring ______.
function
[解析] 自然法认为,习得的知识会成为口头表达的语言,而学得的知识主要起到自我监测的功能。
12. The Silent Way is based on the principle that successful learning involves commitment of the serf to language acquisition through the use of silent ______ and then active trial.
13. The hallmark of audiolingual teaching is emphasis on presentation of the language in its ______ form first.
spoken
[解析] 听说教学法的标志就是强调语言首先以口头形式呈现。
14. Before defining the objectives of a course with the Communicative Approach, ______ analysis should be conducted to find out why the learners are learning the second language.
15. The Natural Approach claims that the transition from pre-production input to a stage in which students begin to speak is simple if opportunities for production are made available gradually within the normal ______ activities.
16. Communicative activities have three features: information gap, ______ and feedback.
choice
[解析] 交际活动的特点包括信息沟、选择和反馈。
17. Rather than teaching grammar deductively, in the Direct Method teachers encourage learners to ______ rules of grammar through active use of the target language in the classroom.
18. The view of grammar in the Oral Approach is very different from that of the ______ Method in which grammatical items are often presented in isolation.
19. Suggestopaedia, the application of the study of ______ to pedagogy, has been developed to help students eliminate the feeling that they can not be successful and thus to help them overcome the barriers to learning.
20. ______ association of language with objects and persons of the immediate environment is emphasized in the Direct Method.
Direct
[解析] 直接法强调把语言与直接环境中的客观事物和人直接联系起来。
Ⅲ.Matching Directions: This section consists of two groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked ①, ②, ③, ④ or ⑤ in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match correctly.
1.
A. Linguists
B. Major contributions and arguments
①Halliday
a. relationship between linguistic system and their communicative values in discourse
②Chomsky
b. seven basic functions in his functional account of language use
③Hymes
c. language learning centers around negotiation involved in making choices and decisions.
c. Controlled oral-based reading and writing tasks
④The Natural Approach
d. Meaningful practice
⑤The Cognitive Approach
e. Role-play and simulation
①c ②e ③a ④b ⑤d
[解析] ①口语法的教学技巧主要有指导下的复述和替代练习,包括齐声仿读、个人模仿、听写、操作练习和教师规定的以口语为基础的朗读和写作(controlled oral-based reading and writing tasks)。 ②交际法的教学技巧包括利用视听材料培养学生边听边做笔记的技能、口头报告、角色表演或模拟(role-play or simulation)。 ③听说法的教学技巧包括重复练习、替换练习、问答练习、扩展句子练习、合并句子练习、逆向读句练习(backward build-up drill)、句子链接练习、完成句子练习和最小成对练习等。 ④自然法的教学技巧主要是语言习得活动,包括情感人文活动(affective-humanistic activities)、解决问题活动、游戏活动和内容活动。 ⑤认知法的教学技巧包括规则学习、有意义的实践(meaningful practice)和创造性的活动。
Ⅳ.Questions for Brief Answers Directions: This section has six questions. You are to answer them briefly. Five points are given to each question.
1. What is the natural order hypothesis?
Foreign language learners acquire the hales of the target language in the same order no matter where, when and how they are learning the language.
2. According to G. Kelly, what is a meaningful activity?
It is one that encourages an active process of making sense, of fitting or mapping the new onto the old to create a new understanding.
3. Why is the first language forbidden in a Direct Method classroom?
(1)To enable the students to think in the target language; (2)To enable the students to express themselves directly without referring to their mother tongue.
4. Review the tenets of Krashen's Input Hypothesis.
Krashen's Input Hypothesis assumes that humans acquire language in only one way--by understanding messages, or by receiving "comprehensible input", which refers to utterance that the learner understands based on the context in which they are used as well as the language in which they are phrased. In language acquisition, we move from i, our current level, to i+1, the next level along the natural order, by understanding input containing i+1. The input hypothesis relates to acquisition, not to meaning. Comprehension is helped by the situation and the context, extralinguistic information and knowledge of the world.After the acquirer has built up linguistic competence by understanding input, the ability to speak fluently will emerge independently in time. It cannot be taught directly. Enough comprehension input provides i+1 automatically.
5. In Hymes' view, what does communicative competence refer to?
In Hymes' view, communicative competence refers to the ability not only to apply the grammatical roles of a language in order to form grammatically correct sentences but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom.
6. The social context of language use can be analyzed in terms of three factors according to Halliday. What are they?
The social context of language use can be analyzed in terms of three factors: the field of discourse, the tenor of discourse and the mode of discourse.
Ⅴ.Questions for Long Answers Directions: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you've learned. Ten points are given to each question.
1. What are the criteria for vocabulary selection in the Oral Approach and its significance in syllabus design in foreign language teaching?
According to Palmer, words are chosen for the following criteria: (1)most frequently used by native speakers; (2)all the structural words; (3)most useful in explaining the meaning of other less frequently used words; (4)words which are useful because other words can be built from them; This effort to introduce a scientific rationale for selecting the vocabulary content of language course represented the first attempt to establish principles of syllabus design in foreign language teaching.
2. What are the four characteristics of a communicative view of language and how are they related to the theory of learning underlying the same approach?
A communicative view of language has the following four characteristics: (1)Language is a system for the expression of meaning. (2)The primary function of language is for interaction and communication. (3)The structure of language reflects its functional and communicative uses. (4)The primary units of language are not merely its grammatical and structural features, but categories of functional and communicative meaning as exemplified in discourse. So far as theory of learning is concerned, meaning is emphasized more than the learning of structure. Learners are offered a variety of activities to get involved in negotiation in making choices and decisions. Besides, language needs to be studied in the social context of its use.