Traditionally, it has been the workers' role to work and management's role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm's operations with little thought to consulting (咨询) the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled (被迫) to obtain the workers' opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided "suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor-they play a vital role in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions greatly affect workers and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers play a stronger role in management。 Workers should have a role in management. At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions. A common complaint among rank-and-file workers (普通工人) is the lack of information about company policies and actions. Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims (受害者) of plant closings and permanent layoffs (解雇),often with no warning. At least 90 days notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions (让步) that will help keep the plant operating. It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial (管理的) decision making. There ought to be representatives (代表) of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policy-making groups. If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale (士气) will rise, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive (激励) they must be given a share in the company's profits. This can be done through employee stock-ownership plans, bonuses (奖金), or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase (购买) the plant and run it themselves.
1. Traditional workers showed no interest in management. ______
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
C
[解析] 原文只提到经理们很少考虑工人的意见,未提到工人本身是否对公司的管理有兴趣。
2. "Suggestion box" is one of the many ways for workers to engage in management.______
3. Since policy decisions are business secrets of a firm, workers should not be informed of them.______
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
C
[解析] 文中未提到该信息。
4. Before closing, a plant should put up a notice and keep it for 90 days.______
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
B
[解析] 文中第二段第四句话中的“90 days notice”意思是提前90天通知,以便让工人有时间调整适应(have time to adjust),而不是说通知贴出来要保存90天。
5. Companies should tell their major policy decisions to the workers.______
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
A
[解析] 根据原文第二段第二句话可知答案。
6. The workers' participation (参与) in management might save a plant from closing down.______
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
A
[解析] 根据原文第二段倒数第一句话,工人可能会提出提高生产率或降低成本的办法,也可能会做出让步,以帮助工厂继续运营(help keep the plant operating)而免于倒闭。
7. Board of directors is the major policymaking group in many companies.______
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
A
[解析] 根据原文第三段第二句话可推测出在大多数公司board of directors(董事会)是制定重大决策的地方,需要有工人代表加入。
8. One of the advantages of involving workers in making a decision is that the interpersonal relation-ship between workers and managers can be improved.______
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
C
[解析] 文中未提到该信息。
9. An efficient and productive worker should be rewarded with anything but shares in the company' s profits.______
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
B
[解析] 题干中anything but意思是“绝不”,与原文第三段第四句话意思相反。
10. Workers should be allowed to buy the plant if it cannot make a profit anymore.______
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
A
[解析] 根据原文最后一句话,如果工厂不能赢利(operate at a profit),工人应该有机会将工厂买下并自主经营。
Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic (脑电图仪的) sense we share it with all the primates (灵长类动物) and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles (爬行动物). There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators (食肉动物) are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized (使固定不动 ) and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli. Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep, The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved? Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in general seem to sleep very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal's vulnerability, the function of sleep is to decrease it? Wilse Webb of the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.
1. The author states that during dream sleep, the animal sleeps ______.
A.without moving
B.shallowly
C.intermittently
D.on its side
A B C D
A
[考点] 事实细节题。
[解析] 求解本题的依据在第二段。“In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.”在该句中我们可以找到关键词“immobilized”与“unresponsive”,它们实际上在此与“without moving”同义。而其他三个选择项的内容都与原文不符。
2. It can be inferred from the passage that animals that are prey rarely experience dream sleep because they ______.
①Children enjoy shouting at a high wall and hearing the sound come back to them. These sounds are called echoes (回声). Echoes have given us a number of valuable tools. ②Echo sounding devices were early used in making maps of the ocean floor. Sounds or ultrasonic (超声的) sounds make good tools for determining how deep the water is under ships. Sometimes echoes from ultrasonic distance finding devices were prevented from working by fish swimming past or by the presence of large objects. So ultrasonic devices have been replaced by other tools. ③Radar is now a familiar tool. Like many others it was an unexpected discovery. It was first observed by two researchers, who were studying sound communication. They were sending signals from a station on one side of a river in Washington. DC. to a vehicle across the river. They discovered that their signals were stopped by passing ships. They recognized the importance of this discovery at once. ④All this was of course just a start, from which our present radar has developed. The word "radar," in fact, gets its name from the term "radio detection (检测) and ranging". "Ranging" is the term for detection of the distance between an object and the radar set. Today, in our scientific age, it would be difficult to manage without radar. ⑤One of the many uses of radar is as a speed control device on highways. When a person in an automobile is driving faster than the speed limit, radar will show this clearly and the traffic police can take measures to stop him. ⑥A pilot cannot fly a plane by sight alone. Many conditions such as flying at night and landing in dense fog require the pilot to use radar. Human eyes are not very good at determining speeds of approaching objects, but radar can show the pilot how fast nearby planes are moving.
1. Paragraph ①______ A. Study of Sound B. Highway Police C. Present Radar Is Developed and Used D. Early Use of Echo Sounding Devices E. Echoes F. Discovery by Chance
6. Echo-sounding devices were early used to ______. A. detect nearby objects B. determine the depth of the ocean water C. decide how fast you drive D. in need of radar E. map the ocean floor F. observe water flow
Not long ago, a poll was conducted among students in a middle school. They were asked to make a choice between these two sentences—"No one can be happy" and "One can be happy". Shockingly enough, about 60 percent of the students agreed to the first statement. But to live on, we'd better say to ourselves that there is happiness in life. 1 The more I think, the more I am convinced that if we have a right attitude towards life, our lives can surely be happy and meaningful. It is true that all people have some bitter experiences. 2 Many people admire Madam Curie, and say with a sigh, "If I could live like her, I would be the happiest person in the world." But if we take a close look at her life, we will find her happiness is closely connected with her misfortunes. First of all, she did not have a happy childhood. 3 In her research work, she had to sit up late night after night. She experienced many losses, too—she lost her beloved father, her dear husband, and later her eyesight. But she never complained and never stopped working for the benefit of mankind. That is why her life was happy and meaningful. 4 Some people complain that their work is insignificant and thus their lives are meaningless. But what kind of work is significant? Worker, peasants, teachers, and scientists, they are all working for the welfare of mankind, themselves included. That is where the meaning of life lies. 5 Once a friend of mine told me he felt very wretched for having to work as a teacher. "Our lives can be compared to candles. While giving light. to others, we ourselves are burning out. Our students may become famous one day, but what will become of us? We shall only remain what we are—fameless and wealthless." Paradoxically, I would rather think he was giving a vivid description of the nobleness of a teacher. Different people may think of life differently. But of one thing I am certain: happiness never favors those who merely care about themselves, and the meaning of life cannot be understood by those who refuse to sacrifice anything for others. A. But some people seem to think little of such a life. B. She awoke to the realities of life. C. When she was in France, she studied twice as hard as others but lived a poor and simple life. D. She fought against life's bitterness and difficulties and conquered them all. E. I have been thinking of this question ever since. F. But it is through overcoming hardships that our happiness emerges.
1.
E
[解析] 根据文中空格前,第一段提出的生活是否可以幸福这一疑问以及空格后“The more I think, the more I am convinced that if we have a right attitude towards life, our lives can surely be happy and meaningful.(我越思考,就更加确信,如果我们有对待生活的正确的态度,我们的生活一定能快乐并有意义)”,可知选项E最符合逻辑。
本文主要阐述了“生活是可以快乐和有意义的”这一话题。不久前,中学一个关于“幸福”的调查显示,有60%的同学都认为人们无法幸福。的确,所有的人都有痛苦的经历,但是这并不代表你就不幸福。针对怎样拥有幸福感这个问题,作者举了居里夫人的例子,虽然从小生活给予她的磨难很多,但是她战胜了困难,拥有了幸福感。还有的人总是抱怨自己的工作不够辉煌和有意义,比如教师的职业。对此作者从反证的角度辩驳了此类观点,认为幸福感还来源于给予和牺牲。
选项含义简单概括:(A)但有些人似乎很少想到这样的生活。(B)她认识到生活的种种现实。(C)当她在法国时,她学习比别人刻苦两倍,但却过着贫穷节俭的生活。(D)她与生活的辛酸和困难作斗争,并且征服了它们。(E)我至今一直在思考这个问题。(F)但只有通过克服困难,我们的幸福感才会出现。
2.
F
[解析] 根据空格前“It is true that all people have some bitter experiences.(所有的人都有一些痛苦的经历,这是事实。)”可知选项F最符合逻辑。
3.
C
[解析] 根据空格前“First of all, she did not have a happy childhood.(首先,她没有一个快乐的童年。)”以及空格后In her research work, she had to sit up late night after night.(在她的研究工作中,她不得不连续熬夜),前后联系,得知选项C最符合逻辑。
4.
D
[解析] 根据空格前“That is why her life was happy and meaningful.(这就是为什么她的生活是快乐并有意义的)”,选项D最符合逻辑。
5.
A
[解析] 空格前“That is where the meaning of life lies.(这就是生命的意义所在)”以及空格后反证的说明,可知选项A最符合逻辑。
Soccer is played by millions of people all over the world, but there have only been few players who were truly great. How did these 1 get that way—was it through training and practice, or are great players' born, not made? First, these players 2 from places that have had famous stars in the past—players that a young boy can look up to and try to imitate. In the history of soccer, only six countries have ever 3 the World Cup—three from South America and three from Western Europe. There has never been a great national team—or a really great player—from North America or from Asia. Second, these players have all had years of 4 in the game. Alfredo Di Stefano was the son of a soccer player, as was Pele. Most players begin playing the game at the 5 of three or four. 6 , many great players come from the same kind of neighborhood—a poor, crowded area where a boy's 7 is not to be a doctor, lawyer, or businessman, but to become rich, famous athlete or entertainer. For example, Liverpool which produced the Beatles (甲壳虫乐队), had one of the best English soccer teams in 8 years. Pele practiced in the street with a "ball" made of rags (破布). All great players have a lot in 9 but that doesn't explain why they are great. Hundreds of boys played in those Brazilian streets, but only one became Pele. The greatest players are born with some 10 quality that sets them apart from all the others. A. dream B. won C. practice D. age E. Came F. therefore G. recent H. finally I. unique J. players K. Common L. got
With the current mood of global 1 (certain) and an 2 (economy) recession, people are likely to suffer from increased stress, depression and anxiety. These 3 (psychology) symptoms, in a new twist to the old saying of "mind over matter", can lead to actual physical problems. The mind and the body are 4 (integrate) system. It's like a web. If one part is 5 (disturb), it will directly or indirectly, affect another part. Hence, psychological and emotional reactions will trigger physical responses. When a person feels a threat to his well-being, the brain reacts by 6 (release) chemicals. For example, the adrenal gland (肾上腺) in the brain may release adrenaline (肾上腺素) which prepares the body to respond to physical threats. The brain's neuro-chemistry programs a person to react in one of the classic ways: fight, flight or fright. Are you sleeping well? Are you eating well? Are you working or studying well? Any mental health problem would affect these three areas of behavior. Some people deal with stress and 7 (anxious) by turning to 8 (religious), others by talking to friends and family. But are there other options? Exercise is a good outlet. Play a game. Go jogging. You will be 9 (concentrate) on doing something. There is a target to be 10 (achieve) and will occupy your mind. Go Karaoke singing and dancing with friends. The worst thing to do is to sit at home and think.
A survey conducted in Tianjin found that 98% of high school students and 92% of elementary school students have to spend most of their weekends doing homework.
Too much homework has become a common complaint in high schools and elementary schools. Students have to spend most of their time doing homework, even on weekends. As a result, they have no time for their hobbies, or for their parents or friends. All they do is what they have to do, not what they like to do.
The underlying cause for this phenomenon lies in the present exam-oriented education system. National College Entrance Examination has become the sole focus of teachers, parents, and students themselves. High score becomes the ultimate goal, leading to the neglect of practical abilities, personality development, and all that.
It is urgent that we deepen our educational reform.We must allow for students' overall development, not just evaluate their test scores.