It is true that good writers rewrite and rewrite and then rewrite some more. But in order to work up the desire to rewrite, it is important to ]earn to like what you write at the early stage. I am surprised at the number of famous writers I know who say that they so dislike reading their own writing later that they even hate to look over the publishers' opinions. One reason we may dislike reading our own work is that we're often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down. Jerry Fodor and Steven Pinker suggest that this fact may be a result of how our minds work. Different from popular belief, we do not usually think in the words and sentences of ordinary language but in symbols for ideas [known as "mentalese" (心理语)]. And writing our ideas down is an act of translation from that symbolic language. But while mentalese contains our thoughts in the form of a complex tapestry(织绵), writing can only be composed one thread at a time. Therefore it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple. It is only by repeatedly rewriting that we produce new threads and connect them to get closer to the ideas formed in our minds. When people write as if some strict critics (批评家) are looking over their shoulder, they are so worried about what this critic might say that they get stuck before they even start. Peter Elbow makes an excellent suggestion to deal with this problem. When writing we should have two different minds. At the first stage, we should see every idea, as well as the words we use to express it, as wonderful and worth putting down. It is only during rewrites that we should examine what we excitedly wrote in the first stage and check for weaknesses.
1. If you want to create a better writing, you should rewrite for many times.
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
A
[解析] 题干要求判断如果想要写一篇较好的文章是否需要改写很多遍。文章第一段提到“It is true that good writers rewrite and rewrite and then rewrite some more”,由此可以判断要想写出好文章,改写很多遍是十分必要的,所以题干中的信息是正确的。
2. What you have written at the early stage is often forgotten so the writers need to read it again and again.
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
C
[解析] 题干要求判断早期写出的东西是否常常会被忘记所以作家需要反复地读。文章第一段中提到了“But in order to work up the desire to rewrite, it is important to learn to like what you write at the early stage”,意思是“为了激发对改写文章的兴趣,学着喜欢你早期写的东西是很重要的”,但是并没有告诉我们早期写出的东西常常会被忘记,所以作家需要反复地读。因此,无法判断题干是否正确。
3. All the famous writers love reading their own writing and the publishers' opinions.
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
B
[解析] 题干要求判断知名的作家是否都喜欢读自己写的东西和出版商的意见。文章中第二段谈到了这个细节,这些知名作家“so dislike reading their own writing later that they even hate to look over the publishers' opinions”,这和题干中的表述正好相反,所以题干是错误的。
4. When you first begin to write, your minds and ideas seem quite thin and plain.
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
A
[解析] 题干要求判断刚开始写的时候你 的想法和观点是否很局限和简单。第二段提到“the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down”,意思是“在刚开始写的时候,我们脑子中的想法是非常局限和简单的”,所以题干中的信息是正确的。
5. We usually think in the words and sentences of ordinary language, just like the popular belief.
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
B
[解析] 题干要求判断我们是否像流行观念那样通常用普通语言中的词汇和句子来思考。第三段第一句话就提到“Different from popular belief, we do not usually think in the words and sentences of ordinary language”。而题干中的信息是“我们常常用普通语言中的词和句子来思考”,所以题干表述是错误的。
6. When we write down our ideas, what we do is just like weaving, one thread at a time.
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
A
[解析] 题干要求判断当我们把想法记下来时我们所做的是否像织布一样每次一条线。我们可以在第三段中找到原句“writing our ideas down is an act of translation from that symbolic language...writing can only be composed one thread at a time”,所以可以判断题干是正确的。
7. Our first attempt at expressing ideas is always very complex.
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
B
[解析] 题干要求判断我们第一次尝试表达的观点是否通常都是非常复杂的。第三段讲到了作家创作作品时的思维过程,提到了“Therefore it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple”,意思是“因此,我们第一次尝试表达观点应该是很简单的,对此不应该感到吃惊”。所以题干表述是错误的。
8. Some strict critics like to look over the writer's shoulders.
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
[解析] 题干要求判断一些苛刻的批评家是否喜欢监视作家的写作。最后一段提到了当人们进行写作时“as if some strict critics are looking over their shoulder”,但是并没有告诉我们这些苛刻的批评家是否喜欢监视作家的写作,所以无法判断题干是否正确。
9. At the first stage, the writers should think every idea and every word are wonderful and worth putting all down.
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
A
[解析] 题干要求判断在第一阶段作家是否应该认为每个想法和每个词语都是很棒的并值得把它们都记录下来。最后一段中作者提到了一个建议,应该把写作分为两个阶段。在第一个阶段,“we should see every idea, as well as the words we use to express it, as wonderful and worth putting down”,意思是“我们应该认为每个想法,以及我们用来表达这个想法的每个词语都是很棒的,并值得把它们都记下来”,所以题千是正确的。
10. At the second stage, the writers should rewrite and put more new ideas into the writing.
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
A B C
B
[解析] 题干要求判断在第二个阶段作家是否应该改写文章并在文章中加入更多新的想法。文章最后一句提到,在第二个阶段,“we should examine what we excitedly wrote in the first stage and check for weaknesses”,也就是说,我们应该检查第一阶段写的内容和错误的地方,而不用再加入更多新的想法,所以题干是错误的。
A newspaper is a printed periodical whose purpose is to deliver news and other information in an up-to-date, factual manner. In some countries as many as nine out of ten adults read at least one newspaper a day. Seen in purely business terms, few products can ever have been so successful in reaching as much of their market. Why do so many people read newspapers7 There are five basic functions of a newspaper: to inform, to comment, to persuade, to instruct and to entertain. You may well think that this list of functions is in order of importance but, if so, you would not be in agreement with the majority of the reading public. Of the two broad categories of newspaper, the popular and the quality, the former has a readership of millions, while the latter, only hundreds of thousands. Yet the popular papers seem largely designed for entertainment. They contain a lot of comment and persuasive language. The quality newspapers put a much higher value on information and a much lower one on entertainment. It is not only in content that the two kinds of paper differ. There is a difference, too, in the style in which the articles are written. The popular papers generally use more dramatic language with a lot of word-play. Their reporters tend to use shorter sentences and avoid less well-known vocabulary. This means that popular newspapers are easier for a native speaker to understand, though probably not for a non-native speaker. In order to decide whether a newspaper is a quality or a popular one it is not even necessary to read it, since you can tell simply by the way it looks. Popular papers are generally smaller with fewer and shorter articles. But they have bigger headlines and more photographs.
1. Out of 500, ______ adults read a newspaper every day according to the passage.
A.400
B.425
C.450
D.475
A B C D
C
[考点] 推理判断题。
[解析] 第一段第二句提到“In some countries as many as nine out of ten adults read at least one newspaper a day.”也就是说,十个人中有九个人每日至少读一份报纸。那么500个人中应该是多少呢?很明显,正确答案为C(450人)。
2. How does the writer describe a popular newspaper?
3. Which of the following words could be used in place of "categories" in Paragraph 2?
A.Forms.
B.Types.
C.Texts.
D.Parts.
A B C D
B
[考点] 词义猜测题。
[解析] 考查考生从上下文猜测词义的能力。根据题目中所考关键词categories可快速定位至第二段第三句。在短语of the two broad categories of newspaper后面紧接着提到两类报纸,即通俗的和优质的报纸,因此可推断出category的意思是“类别”,正确答案为B。
4. Who tend to read a quality newspaper more often?
① Of all the traditional Chinese festivals, the New Year is the most elaborate, colorful, and important. This is a time for the Chinese to congratulate each other and themselves on having passed through another year,a time to finish out the old, and to welcome in the New Year. Common expressions heard at this time are Guonian (to have made it through the old year) and Bainian (to congratulate the New Year). ② The Chinese New Year is celebrated on the first day of the first month in the lunar calendar. The corresponding date in the solar calendar varies from as early as January 21 to as late as February 19. The Chinese New Year,as the Western New Year,signifies turning over a new leaf. Socially, it is a time for family reunions, and for visiting friends and relatives. This holiday, more than any other Chinese holiday, stresses the importance of family ties. The Chinese New Year's Eve dinner gathering is among the most important family occasions of the year. ③ Preparations for the Chinese New Year in old China started well in advance of the New Year's Day. The 20th of the Twelfth Moon was set aside for the annual housecleaning, or the "sweeping of the grounds". Every corner of the house must be swept and cleaned in preparation for the new year. ④ After the house is cleaned, it is time to bid farewell to the Kitchen God (Zaowang). In Chinese folklore, the Kitchen God is regarded as the guardian of the family health. He is considered the inventor of fire as well as the censor of household morals. As the folktale goes, the Kitchen God leaves the house on the 23rd of the last month to report to heaven on the behavior of the family. At this time, the family would do everything possible to obtain a favorable report from the Kitchen God. On the evening of the 23rd, the family would give the Kitchen God a ritualistic farewell dinner with sweet food and honey. Some say this is a bribe;others say it seals his mouth from saying bad things. ⑤ Free from the watchful eyes of the Kitchen God,who is supposed to return on the first day of the New Year, the family now prepares for the upcoming celebrations. In China, most stores usually close shop on the last day of the year and remain closed for the first week of the New Year. Consequently, families are busy in the last week of the old year, stocking up on foods and gifts. Chinese New Year presents are similar in spirit to Christmas presents, although the Chinese tend more often to give food items, such as fruits and tea. The last days of the old year are also the time to settle old debts.
1. Paragraph ①______ A. Giving Presents for the Chinese New Year B. Preparing for the Upcoming Celebrations C. Brief Introduction to the Chinese New Year D. Time and Importance of the Chinese New Year E. The Annual Housecleaning F. Bidding Farewell to the Kitchen God
6. The Chinese New Year is a time for the Chinese to congratulate each other and themselves on ______. A. the guardian of the family health B. stocking up on foods and gifts C. return on the first day of the New Year D. the solar calendar E. having passed through another year F. the 20th of the Twelfth Moon
E
[解析] 根据文中第一段第二句话可知,人们过新年时会彼此恭喜又过了一年。故可以推断出答案为E。
7. The date of the Chinese New Year in ______ varies from as early as January 21 to as late as Februaly 19.
D
[解析] 第二段前两句着重介绍了中国新年的时间。故可以推断出答案为D。
8. Every comer of the house must be swept and cleaned in preparation for the new year on ______.
F
[解析] 根据第三段第二句和第三句可知,人们在腊月二十这一天扫房子。故可以推断出答案为F。
9. In Chinese folklore, the Kitchen God is regarded as ______.
A
[解析] 根据第四段第二句话,可以推断出答案为A。
10. In China, families are busy in the last week of the old year ______ because most stores usually close shop on the last day of the year and remain closed for the first week of the New Year.
Alzheimer's disease (阿尔茨海默病,又叫老年痴呆症) affects millions of people around the world. American researchers say the disease will affect more than one hundred million people world-wide by the year twenty fifty. 1 Researchers and doctors have been studying Alzheimer's patients for a century. Yet the cause and cure for the mental sickness are still unknown. However, some researchers have made important steps towards understanding it. 2 At first, patients have trouble remembering little things. Later, they have trouble remembering more important things, such as the names of their children. There are also some physical tests that might show who is at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The tests look for proteins (蛋白质) in brain and spinal cord. The proteins appear to be found only in people with the disease. 3 Now, a much simpler physical test to predict Alzheimer's risk has been developed. Researchers found that trouble with the sense of smell can be one of the first signs of Alzheimer's. 4 These smells included cinnamon (肉桂), black pepper(黑胡椒), chocolate, paint thinner (涂料稀释剂), and smoke. The study continued for five years. During this period, the same people were asked to take several tests measuring their memory and thought abilities. Fifty percent of those who could not identify at least four of the smells in the first test had trouble with their memory and thinking in the next five years. Another study has shown a possible way to reduce a person's chances of developing Alzheimer's disease in old age. 5 Those who read a newspaper, or play chess or word games are about three times less likely to develop the condition. Researchers say they still do not know what causes Alzheimer's disease. But they say these findings might help prevent the disease in the future. A. That would be four times the current number. B. The protein tests can correctly identify the presence of the disease in about ninety percent of patients. C. It's important to recognize the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. D. Researchers in Chicago found that people who use their brains more often are less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease. E. Several early signs of the disease involve memory and thought processes. F. Using this information,they developed a test in which people were asked to identify twelve familiar smells.
1.
A
[解析] 第一段介绍了全世界的阿尔茨海默病患者的人数,空格前的内容讲到2050年,患病人数将达到1亿,而选项A“That would be four time the current number.”在结构和内容上均与该句子相关联,其中的“That”指代的是到2050年全世界的阿尔茨海默病患者。因此选项A为应填句子。
本文是一篇介绍阿尔茨海默病(老年痴呆症)的说明文。阿尔茨海默病已经影响了全球数百万的人,患病人数还将不断增加。虽然研究人员已经对其进行了上百年的研究,但目前仍没有找到病因及治疗方法。阿尔茨海默病的早期病人会有一些记忆和思维过程上的迹象。通过检测大脑和脊髓里的某种蛋白质,可以判断是否有患阿尔茨海默病的风险。目前,研究人员发现患有阿尔茨海默病的人在早期会有一些嗅觉方面的问题。另外一项研究表明多用脑会降低患阿尔茨海默病的几率。
选项含义简单概括:A项那将是目前数量的四倍。B项蛋白质测试能够正确辨识出90%的阿尔茨海默病患者。C项认识阿尔茨海默病的症状很重要。D项芝加哥的研究人员发现那些经常用脑的人患阿尔茨海默病的可能性要小一些。E项疾病前期有一些记忆力和思维过程上的迹象。F项利用这一信息,他们开发了一项让人们辨识12种相似气味的测试。
2.
E
[解析] 空格位于第三段的段首,考生可以根据空格后的内容来判断应填句子。At first..., Later...两个句子介绍的是阿尔茨海默病患者最初及后来在记忆方面的一些问题,那么空格处的句子很可能是一个主题句,与该信息一致。通过分析备选,不难发现选项E“Several early signs of the disease involve memory and thought processes.”就是应填句子。
3.
B
[解析] 第四段介绍通过检测大脑和脊髓里的某种蛋白质,可以判断是否有患阿尔茨海默病的风险。空格前的两个句子中都有proteins词,而在剩余选项中,只有选项B含有protein,在内容上与前面句子相关。而且The protein tests与该段第一个句子中的physical tests相呼应,因此符合题意。
[解析] 最后一段作者介绍了可能降低老年时患阿尔茨海默病几率的一种方法,空格处的内容应该是这种方法的介绍。而根据空格后的read a newspaper, play chess, word games等词汇,可以推测这种方法与学习、用脑有关。分析剩余的两个选项,很明显选项D中的use their brains与后面的信息相一致,因此D为应填句子。
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and 1 their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical 2 of the new age by engaging a large professional element and 3 the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third 4 after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other 5 to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly 6 the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners;and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being 7 by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne 8 up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholder's meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "Shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilisation. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the 9 of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organisation of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled to workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel 10 of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. A. numbers B. requirements C. sprang D. perfecting E. discipline F. decrease G. involved H. services I. prevented J. developed K. generations L. increased
1.
D
[解析] and连接两个并列成分。根据上文可知为过去进行时,填perfecting。
2.
B
[解析] 此处需填名词。technical requirements of the new age新时代的技术要求。
If you don't use a dictionary, what should you do instead? The first thing you can do is trying to guess what the word means. Often the 1 (surround) context gives a very clear idea of the meaning of the word. Even if you can't work out the meaning 2 (exact), you may be 3 (ability) to get a 4 (vagueness) idea, enough to enable you to continue reading. Sometimes it is 5 (possible) to guess the meaning of a word from the context and then you will have to decide whether the word is 6 (importance) enough to make it worthwhile 7 (stop) and looking it up in a dictionary, or whether you can just pass it by. Many times in your reading, you will come across words which you don't know,but which do not prevent you from understanding all the main points of the text. You can make your dictionary use much more 8 (efficiency) if you only look up the words which are 9 (necessity) to understand the text,and this means that you must develop the skill to 10 (decision) whether the words are worth looking up.
[范文]
Dear Mrs. Liu,
I'm writing to you to say goodbye to you. I'm going to return to Canada tomorrow morning. Before I return to Canada. I want to express my thanks to you. I am very glad to work together with you in the past year. I am grateful for all you have done for me both in teaching and in life. Besides, I really enjoy teaching in this school. I have spent a good time here. I will never forget the lovely students. I love China and all the friends here. I will certainly miss you when I am back to Canada. Probably I will come back some day. By the way, I leave some English books to your library and I hope they will be useful to your students.