Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of the basic word stock?
A.All national character.
B.Validity.
C.Stability.
D.Productivity.
A B C D
B
[解析] 基础词汇有三个特点:全民性、稳定性和创造性,B项不是基础词汇的特点,故选B项。
2. The following are the translation-loans EXCEPT _____.
A.Long time no see.
B.Masterpiece.
C.Mother tongue.
D.Bazaar.
A B C D
D
[解析] long time no see、masterpiece和mother tongue都是译借词,其语言形式分别来自汉语、德语和拉丁语。bazaar为非同化词,故选D项。
3. The differences between sound and form are NOT due to _____.
A.the fact of more phonemes than letters in English
6. Which of the following words does NOT belong to the words of Scandinavian origin?
A.Skirt.
B.Skill.
C.Roast.
D.Birth.
A B C D
C
[解析] skirt、skill和birth都源自斯堪的纳维亚语,roast源自法语,故选C项。
7. The word “denaturalization” can be broken down into “de-”, “nature”, “-al”, “-ize”, “-ation”, each having meaning of its own. These minimal meaningful units are known as _____.
10. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A.Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.
B.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem.
C.Prefixes only modify the meaning of the stem.
D.The chief function of prefixes is to change meanings of the stems.
A B C D
A
[解析] 前缀法是在词干的基础上添加前缀从而构成新词的方法,故A项错误,因此选A。
11. The word that contains a prefix of degree is _____.
A.abnormal
B.misunderstand
C.antiwar
D.overweight
A B C D
D
[解析] ab-、mis-和anti表示否定意义,over-表示程度,故选D项。
12. “A hot dog” is by no means a dog that is hot, but a typical American sausage in between two pieces of bread. This example illustrates the _____ features of compounds.
A.phonetic
B.semantic
C.linguistic
D.grammatical
A B C D
B
[解析] 复合词的意思不是两词意思相加的结果,这是复合词的语义特征,故选B项。
13. “Many” and “much”, both have the same concept, but collocate with different words, such as “much time, much money”, but “many books, many people”, not vice versa. This example illustrates _____.
A.concept is beyond language
B.concept is the result of human cognition
C.concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on
D.even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words
14. When we use the “foot of the mountain”, we are comparing the lower part of the mountain to the foot of a human being. In this sense, the word “foot” conveys _____.
A.onomatopoeic motivation
B.morphological motivation
C.semantic motivation
D.etymological motivation
A B C D
C
[解析] “山脚”是将山的底部比喻成人的脚,“脚”表达了语义理据,故选C项。
15. The group of words which has the same grammatical meaning is “_____”.
A.forget, forgets, forgot
B.tables, men, people
C.sit, sitting, sat
D.fast, quick, quickly
A B C D
B
[解析] tables、men和people都表示复数的语法意义,故选B项。
16. Words are arbitrary symbols and are _____ identities so far as their outer facet—spelling and pronunciation, is concerned.
A.independent
B.reliable
C.stable
D.unsteady
A B C D
A
[解析] 就单词的外部特征拼写和发音而言,单词是任意的符号和独立的整体。故A项正确。
17. From the diachronic point of view, _____ is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word.
A.homonymy
B.polysemy
C.synonymy
D.hyponymy
A B C D
B
[解析] 从共时的角度来看,一词多义现象是同一单词语义结构发展和变化的结果。故选B项。
18. “Dear”, and “deer” are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. They are _____.
20. When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is _____ accordingly such as “the City” which means the “business centre of London”.
A.generalized
B.narrowed
C.extended
D.elevated
A B C D
B
[解析] 当一个普通单词变成专有名词时,其词义变小了,故选B项。
21. The extra-linguistic factors that cause changes in word-meaning include the following EXCEPT _____.
A.historical reason
B.psychological reason
C.geographic reason
D.class reason
A B C D
C
[解析] 造成词义变化的非语言因素包括历史原因、心理原因和阶级原因,故选C项。
22. Lexical context refers to the cases in which the meaning of a word is affected and defined by the _____.
A.neighbouring words
B.sentence structure
C.cultural background
D.non-linguistic situation
A B C D
A
[解析] 词汇语境指单词的意思受其邻近的单词影响,故选A项。
23. When a word with multiple meanings is used in inadequate context, it creates _____.
A.irrelevance
B.ambiguity
C.disconnection
D.opposition
A B C D
B
[解析] 当一个一词多义的单词用于不合适的语境中就产生了歧义,故选B项。
24. In the sentence “In spite of fact that the fishermen were wearing sou’westers, the storm was so heavy that they were wet through”, the context clue used is _____.
A.word structure
B.example
C.definition
D.relevant detail
A B C D
D
[解析] 通过the storm was so heavy和they were wet through,再结合in spite of ...表示让步等细节信息,可推断出此处的sou’westers表示防水服,此处应使用相关细节来推断词义,故D项正确。
25. Which of the following is one of the characteristics of idioms?
A.Structural variation.
B.Lexical manipulation.
C.Phonetic unity.
D.Semantic unity.
A B C D
D
[解析] 习语是一个语义整体,故选D项。
26. The idiom “tooth and nail”, is a(n) _____.
A.idiom verbal in nature
B.idiom nominal in nature
C.sentence idiom
D.idiom adverbial in nature
A B C D
D
[解析] tooth and nail的结构为:名词+连词+名词,为形容词属性,表示“下定决心的”,故选D项。
27. The idiom “earn one's bread”is a _____ as far as figures of speech are concerned.
5. The word meaning is made up of _____ meaning and grammatical meaning.
lexical
[解析] 词义包含词汇意义和语法意义。
6. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages, but when a word is first coined, it is always _____.
monosemic
[解析] 一词多义是所有自然语所独有的特征,但是当一个词首次被创造时,通常是单义的,只有一个意思。
7. The process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense is called _____.
degradation/pejoration
[解析] 原本带有褒义色彩的词变成了带有贬义色彩的词,并作为贬义词来使用,这叫词义的降格。
8. The term “trade union” means differently in western countries and in China, which shows that the _____ context may also affect the word meaning.
extra-linguistic/non-linguistics
[解析] trade union在西方和中国的意思不同,这是由东西方的文化造成的,为非语言因素。
9. The variation in the idiom “Jack of all trades” from the original form “Jack of all trades and master of none” is _____.
shortening
[解析] Jack of all trades是用Jack of all trades and master of none的缩写形式来表示习语的完整意思。
10. As a general Chinese-English dictionary, A Chinese-English Dictionary (Revised Edition) (CED) (1995) is the most _____ and up-to-date, most elaborately treated one.
complete
[解析] 作为一部普通的汉英字典,《汉英字典》是最全最新的字典,其编撰工作也最精细。
Ⅲ. Define the following terms.
1. jargon
Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.
2. stem
A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
3. motivation
Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.
4. extension
Extension is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.
5. metonymy
Metonymy refers to idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it.
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.
1. Identify the kind and the origin (Latin, Greek, French, Scandinavian or Italian) of the following groups of words. 1)thrive, they, egg, ill, die 2)status, minimum, arena, species, alibi 3)synonym, polysemy, grammar, etymology, syntax 4)symphony, piano, trio, tenor, model 5)dress, clock, pork, mutton, fry
They are load word. 1) Scandinavian, 2)Latin, 3)Greek, 4)Italian, 5)French.
2. What is acronymy?
Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.
3. Explain what is polysemy from the synchronic point of view.
From the synchronic point of view, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time, say, Modern English. The basic meaning is called the meaning, while the derived meanings are secondary in comparison.
4. What does the underlined word mean in the following sentence and what contextual clue is used? “He was in a mood of complete euphoria, his happiness being the result of an announcement that he had won the sweep-stakes.”
“Euphoria” means (a feeling of) happiness. The context clue used is synonymy.
Ⅴ. Analyze and comment on the following.
1. Explain the difference between back-formation and suffixation.
①Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. ②As we know, suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, and back-formation is therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. ③This is because many of the removed suffixes are no true suffixes but inseparable parts of the words.
2. Comment on the following groups of words in terms of types of antonyms: contradictory terms, contrary terms, relative terms. “true — false”, “big — small”, “husband - wife”
①Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. They can be classified into three major groups. ②Contradictory terms: They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them, such as “true-false”. ③Contrary terms: Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. Antonyms such as “big-small” represent two points at both ends of the pole and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other. We can have medium-sized between the big and the small. ④Relative terms: This type consists of relational opposites such as “husband-wife”. Such pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. If A is the husband of B, then B is the wife, who marries A.