Ⅰ Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B,C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. There are three _____ divisions on the island of Great Britain: England,Scotland and Wales.
[解析] 玫瑰战争(Wars of the Roses)指英国兰开斯特家族(House of Lancaster)和约克家族(House of York)之间的战争,持续时间从1455年到1485年。因此选C项。英国内战(English Civil War)是1642年至1651年在英国议会与国王之间发生的一系列武装冲突及政治斗争。第一次世界大战从1914年到1918年。第二次世界大战从1939年到1945年。
11. _____ was responsible for the English Reformation in British history.
13. The Bill of Rights (1689) was finally accepted by _____ thus marking the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.
A.James I
B.James II
C.Charles II
D.William and Mary
A B C D
D
[解析] 为了避免当年(1660年)邀请斯图亚特王朝复辟的前车之鉴,英国决定以法律形式限制国王的权力,保证自己的权力,于是在议会上、下两院共同召开的全体会议上,向威廉和玛丽提出了一个“权利宣言”,威廉接受了这些要求,即英国王位,是为威廉三世,玛丽即位为英国女王,是为玛丽二世。1689年10月,议会通过了“权利宣言”并制订为法律,是为《权利法案》(The Bill of Rights)。从此,议会限制王权的君主立宪制时代开始了。因此选D项。
14. Agricultural changes in the late 18th century Britain were caused by the following EXCEPT _____.
A.the Enclosure Acts
B.Robert Bakewell's selective breeding
C.small farms cultivated on the “open-field”
D.new agricultural machinery invented by Jethro Tull
15. The two events which most alarmed the British ruling classes in the closing decades of the 18th century were _____.
A.the Enlightenment and French Revolution
B.the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution
C.the American War of Independence and French Revolution
D.the Hundred Years’War and the American War of Independence
A B C D
C
[解析] 18世纪最后几十年发生了最令英国统治者吃惊的两件事,是美国的独立战争(the American War of Independence)和法国革命(French Revolution)。美国独立战争中的殖民者自愿为平等、民族独立及政治代表权而战。他们的战争口号是“没有代表权,不交税”,这同样适用于英国的中产阶级和工人阶级,那时英国议会还是只代表贵族。在法国革命中,人民准备割掉贵族的脑袋以及任何拒绝给他们自由、平等、博爱的人们的脑袋。因此选C项。
16. During the First World War, the Allies included _____.
27. Through an executive order in 1947 _____ started the violation of the Bill of Rights and widespread persecution of Communists and progressive people.
34. In order to make sure that the new government would not misuse its powers, the writers of the Constitution set up a system of _____ in the form of separation of powers.
A.winner-take-all
B.mutual supervision
C.checks and balances
D.voluntary supervision
A B C D
C
[解析] 为了确保新政府不滥用自己的权力,宪法的作者们建立了以分权制的形式出现的制衡制度(checks and balances)因此选C项。赢者全赢制度(winner-take-all)是美国除缅因州之外的州选举各州总统候选人的制度。
35. Generally, the number of presidential electors in the U.S. is _____ the number of Senators and Representatives each state has in Congress.
A.equal to
B.less than
C.more than
D.10% more than
A B C D
A
[解析] 美国各州的总统选举人,人数要与各州的国会参议员和众议员总数相等。因此选A项。
36. There is a certain degree of similarity in the U.S. elementary school curriculum, which mainly consists of mastery of the “basics” such as _____.
37. In the early 1900s, the kind of two-year colleges that emerged to meet the immediate need of the economic expansion and rapid rise in immigrants of the times was the _____.
43. In 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed and the country was linked _____.
A.from north to south
B.from coast to coast
C.with the United States
D.with South America
A B C D
B
[解析] 1885年加拿大太平洋铁路(the Canadian Pacific Railway)竣工通车,它把东西海岸连接起来。因此选B项。
44. There is/are _____ official language(s) in Ireland.
A.one
B.two
C.three
D.four
A B C D
B
[解析] 爱尔兰有两种官方语言:爱尔兰语和英语。因此选B项。
45. In 1948, Ireland voted itself _____ the Commonwealth and on April 18, 1949 declared itself a republic.
A.into
B.out of
C.a part of
D.a member of
A B C D
B
[解析] 1948年,爱尔兰投票使自己脱离英联邦,1949年4月18日宣布为共和国。vote out of表示“投票退出”,因此选B项。
46. Australia's Eastern Highlands are better known as _____.
A.the Dividing Range
B.the Great Barrier
C.the Great Dividing Range
D.the Great Barrier Range
A B C D
C
[解析] 东部山地更为人所知的名称叫大分水岭(the Great Dividing Range),从北昆士兰北部起,沿着东海岸向南,直到南塔斯马尼亚岛。因此选C项。
47. In 1996, Australia's population is about 18 million or about _____ people to the square kilometer.
A.two
B.three
C.four
D.five
A B C D
A
[解析] 1996年,澳大利亚人口大约是1800万,或者说每平方公里两个人。因此选A项。
48. In recent years Australian governments have encouraged people with different ethnic backgrounds to _____ and this policy is called multiculturalism.
[解析] 2月6日是新西兰的国庆节(National Day)也叫怀坦吉节(Waitangi Day),是一个全国性的假日,是为了纪念1840年2月6日《怀坦吉条约》(The Treaty of Waitangi)的签订。因此选B项。
PART TWO
Ⅱ Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. In which year did the English navy defeat the Armada (the Spanish fleet), establishing England's superiority as a naval power?
In 1588, the English navy defeated the Armada and established England's superiority as a naval power.
2. What were the two conflicting sides during the English Civil War in the 17th century?
The two conflicting sides during the English Civil War in the 17th century were the Parliament and the King.
3. When was Princess Elizabeth crowned Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey?
Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey in 1952.
4. What institution in the U.K. is the largest single employer of labor?
The National Health Service is the largest single employer of labor in the U.K.
5. What accounts for a major source of population growth in the United States?
Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth in the United States.
6. What incident made the United States formally declare war against the Axis powers in World War II?
The bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 made the United States formally declare war against the Axis powers in World War II.
7. What is the U.S. President's official residence?
The White House is the U.S. President's official residence.
8. What are the three principal functions of the system of higher education in the United States?
The three principal functions of the system of higher education in the United States are teaching, research and public service.
9. What does the kiwi (a nocturnal bird) mean to the New Zealanders?
The kiwi is a national symbol and New Zealanders refer to themselves as Kiwis.
10. According to Australian Aboriginal culture, what is the relationship between the people and the environment?
According to Australian Aboriginal culture, the relationship between the people and the environment is harmonious.
Ⅲ Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET in around 40 words.
1. Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great (AD849~899) was King of Wessex from AD871 to 899.He successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by the time of his death had become the dominant ruler in England. He is known as “the father of the British navy” as he founded a strong fleet, which first beat the Danes at sea, thenprotected the coasts and encouraged trade.
2. Thatcherism
Thatcherism is the political notion that describes the conviction politics, economic, social policy, and political style of the British Conservative politician Margaret Thatcher, who was leader of her party from 1975 to 1990. It has also been used to describe the beliefs of the British government while Thatcher was Prime Minister between May 1979 and November 1990.
3. American federal system
American federal system refers to the political system that divides the powers of government between the national (federal) government and state and local governments. The Constitution of the United States established the federal system, also known as federalism. Under federalism, each level of government has sovereignty in some areas and shares powers in other areas.
4. The Progressive Movement
The Progressive Movement was a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It was not an organized campaign with clearly-defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms.