Ⅰ.Multiple Choice Directions:In this section, you are given 15 questions beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.
1. Stimulus-response theory of learning belongs to American behaviourist psychology, of which______is one of the representatives.
4. British "structuralism" linguists believed that elements in a language were ______, that is, lower level systems of word classes led to higher level systems of phrases and sentences.
5. ______ provided the methodological foundation for materials for the teaching and its principles formed the basis of such widely used series as English 900 and Success With English.
A.The Direct Method
B.The Oral Approach
C.The Audiolingual Method
D.The Communicative Approach
A B C D
C
[解析] 英语900句和Success with English都重视视听材料的运用,锻炼学习者的听说技能,把对话作为介绍语言的主要形式,把句型操练作为主要的训练方法。选项A侧重于用目标语教学,利用动作、实物、表情、手势和情景来“直接”表达语言的意义。选项B口语法侧重于情景活动。选项D交际法侧重于交际的顺利进行。
6. The objectives of the Cognitive Approach are______.
A.to develop in the students the native-like competence
B.to develop intuitive thinking and enable to learn from errors for learners
8. The role of the teacher in a Communicative Approach classroom are______.
A.a facilitator of students' learning
B.a manager of classroom activity
C.an advisor of students' questions
D.all of the above
A B C D
D
[解析] 交际法课堂教学中,教师不再能起到以往教师为中心的教室里那种支配作用,教师有多重角色:主要角色是课堂活动的组织者(a facilitator of students' learning),负责创造和促进最适合语言交际的情境;在课堂活动中,又成为指导者(a manager of classroom activities),并回答学生问题,监控其语言运用(an advisor of students' questions);有时教师又成为交流者(a co-communicator in the communicative activity),与学生共同参加语言的交流活动。因此该题全选。
9. The Direct Method emphasizes the importance of______.
14. In The Principles of Language Study (1921), Palmer put forward nine fundamental principles of good language teaching and learning, of which ______ was the first and most important.
15. The schema theory is an important element in ______ , which is action-based, more concerned with the process of learning than what is learnt.
A.Brunners theory
B.Ausubels theory
C.Kellys theory
D.Piagets theory
A B C D
D
[解析] 图式理论是皮亚杰理论中的一个重要部分,它指的是过去的经历,即一个人储存在长期记忆中的东西,在头脑中所形成的框架。他的图式理论是一种“以行为作基础”的理论,它更关注学习的过程,而不是学习的结果。美国著名心理学家布鲁纳(Brunner)提出发现法(discovery methods);奥斯贝尔理论的核心是“有意义的语言学习和先期组织”(meaningful verbal and advance organizers);凯利明确区分了有意义的学习活动和无意义的学习活动。因此排除A、B、C。
Ⅱ.Filling Blanks Directions:In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.
1. The ______ Method uses translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.
2. The ______ Method believes grammar is learned inductively through listening and speaking activities.
Direct
[解析] 直接法的主要特点包括:(1) 目标语思维(think in the target language);(2) 语言意思直接通过客观世界相关的东西来介绍(Meaning is presented by relating directly to the physical world);(3) 课堂教学用目标语授课交流;(4) 学生通过听说练习(listening and speaking activities)用归纳法(induction)来学语法;(5) 强调正确发音(correct pronunciation);(6) 教学大纲是根据语境或主题按语义安排的(The syllabus is arranged semantically according to situations or topics);(7) 口语先于书面语;(8) 语言基本单位是句子。
3. The ______ Approach is a grammar based method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practised through meaningful situation activities.
Oral
[解析] 口语教学法/情景教学法指的是英国实用语言学家于二十世纪30年代到60年代发展起来的一种语言教学方法。此法是以语法为基础的教学法,语法与词汇按难易程度分层次(grammatical and lexical gradation)教学,新的语言点通过有意义的情景活动(meaningful situation activities)得到展示与练习。
4. Comparative Historical Linguistics believed that all languages ______ from one language and were ruled by a common grammar.
5. The ______ way is based on the premise that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom and the learner should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible.
7. Cognitive Psychologists hold the idea that learning a language should be a ______ learning.
meaningful
[解析] 认知心理学研究各种知识体系的本质和学习过程(nature and learning),特别注重对思维、感知、理解、记忆和学习等心理活动过程的研究。学习过程应当是有结构的(structured),这种结构给原先不可理解的部分赋予了意义。既然意义并不是作为行为的反应而被理解的,那么学习语言就应是一个有意义的过程。
8. The Cognitive Approach emphasizes on the ______ acquisition of language as a meaningful system.
9. Krashen's Monitor Model of second language development distinguishes two distinct processes in second and foreign language development and use: "acquisition" and "______".
10. In the ______ Approach, class time is devoted primarily to providing input for acquisition; the teacher speaks only the target language, students may use either L1, or L2 ; errors not corrected.
Natural
[解析] 自然法的课堂教学采取了一种独特的教学方法,有如下特征:(1) 课堂时间应主要提供有助于习得的语言输入(Class time is primarily devoted to providing input for acquisition)。(2) 教师在课堂上只能讲目标语,学生则可以使用母语或目标语。(3) 家庭作业包括正式的语法练习,错误也要被纠正(Homework may include grammar work and errors should be corrected)。(4) 语言活动可以包括某些语法结构的运用,但目的是使学生发表意见,完成任务和解决问题(The goals are to enable student to talk about ideas, perform tasks and solve problems)。
11. The ______ Approach views that the teacher is a facilitator, manager, advisor and co-com-municator of the classroom.
Communicative
[解析] 交际法课堂教学中,教师有多重角色:主要角色是课堂活动的组织者(a facilitator of students' learning),负责创造和促进最适合语言交际的情境;在课堂活动中,又成为指导者(a manager of classroom activities),并回答学生问题,监控其语言运用(an advisor of students' questions);有时教师又成为交流者(a co-com-municator in the communicative activity),与学生共同参加语言的交流活动。
12. The ______ Approach follows Notional Syllabus and emphasizes the process of communication to get information, and using language for social interaction with other people.
14. Rather than focus on explanation of grammatical rules in classroom teaching, the teacher of an Oral Approach class must encourage direct and ______ use of the target language in the classroom.
19. According to the Natural Approach, the role of______ is to motivate students to prepare for tests by obtaining more comprehensible input and to motivate teachers to supply more comprehensible input.
testing
[解析] According to the Natural Approach.the role of testing is to motivate students to prepare for tests by obtaining more comprehensible input and to motivate teachers to supply more comprehensible input. 自然法认为,定期检查和评估学生学习进步的情况,可以刺激学生主动理解更多的语料,来为测试做准备;对于老师来说,可以给他们机会对学生提供更加丰富的语料。
20. The ______ dimensional approach assumes that a foreign language is learned while what is acquired plays only a subsidiary role.
three
[解析] The three dimensional approach assumes that a foreign language is learned while what is acquired.plays only a subsidiary role. 外语立体化教学法认为外语是学会的,习得的东西只起次要的作用。
Ⅲ.Matching Directions:This section consists of three groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked 1), 2), 3),4) or 5) in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match. 1) ______ language acquisition device (LAD) 2) ______ stimulus and response 3) ______ the discourse theory 4) ______ acquisition and learning 5) ______ the input hypothesis a) The former refers to the subconscious process leading to the development of "competence"; the latter refers to conscious study and knowledge of grammatical rules. h) A sort of mechanism or device which contains the capacity to acquire one' s first language. c) It assumes that humans acquire language in only one way--by understanding messages, or by receiving "comprehensible input". d) It believes there is little difference between the first language acquisition process and the process of second language acquisition--only through communication discourses. e) The former serves to elicit behaviour; the latter is triggered by the former.
1) ______ Language (1933) 2) ______ Syntactic Structures (1957) 3) ______ How to Teach a Foreign Language (1904) 4) ______ The Practical Study of Languages (1899) 5) ______ Outline of English Phonetics (1918) a) Jaspersen b) Daniel Jones c) Leonard Bloomfield d) Henry Sweet e) Noam Chomsky
1904年叶斯帕森出版了他的专著《如何教外语》(How to Teach a Foreign Language),这本书中对1882-1906年的外语教学改革运动(The Reform Movement)的实用意义做了很好的总结,供教师参考。
9.
d
在1882-1906年的外语教学改革运动中,斯威特于1899年出版了著作《语言的实用研究》(The Practical Study of Language),标志着语言教学中的应用语言学研究开始成形。
10.
b
丹尼尔·琼斯是使英语作为外语教学成为一种职业的第一人物,1918年的《英语语音学纲要》(Outline of English Phonetics)英语语音学方面的专著之一。
1) ______ the Oral Approach 2) ______ the Cognitive Approach 3) ______ the Communicative Approach 4) ______ the Audiolingnal Method 5) ______ the Direct Method a) The use of drills and pattern practice is one of its distinctive features. b) The practice techniques adopted in this approach generally consists of guided repetition and substitution activity. c) Written work should be graded. d) Role play and simulation activities are often thought to be one of the most effective ways of integrating language skills in the language classroom. e) It seeks the intellectual understanding by the learner of the language as a system.
11.
b
口语法的教学技巧主要有:(1) 用情景介绍新句型(new sentence patterns presented in situations);(2) 操作练习(Drill based practice);(3) 指导下的复述和替代练习(Guided repetition and substitution activities);(4) 听说、模仿和教师规定的以口语为基础的朗读和写作(Dictation, imitation and controlled oral-based reading and writing tasks)。
交际法提倡听说读写四种技能的综合运用,课堂教学中有很多方法可以达到这一目的,如利用视听材料培养学生边听边看边做笔记的技能(developing listening and note-taking skills using audio-video materials)、口头报告(oral presentation)、角色表演/模拟(role play and simulation)、课外研究项目(project work)。
在直接法教学中,写作是被用来巩固和评估所学内容的手段,其分级顺序分三步:重述熟悉课文(reproduction of familiar texts)、写出教师口头讲述的故事(reproduction of narratives orally presented by the teacher)、自由作文(free composition)。
Ⅳ.Questions for Brief Answers Directions:This section has six questions. You are to briefly answer them. Five points are given to each question.
1. How does the discourse theory explain the second language acquisition process?
The discourse theory argues that there is little difference between the first language acquisition process and the process of second language acquisition--only through communication discourse can the learner acquire the second language.
2. What is Chomsky' s explanation of the first language process?
Chomsky assumes that children are born with a language acquisition device. This LAD is made up of a set of general principles called universal grammar. Once the child is born, the particular language environment will trigger the LAD.Children's language acquisition process completes when the universal grammar is successfully transformed into the grammar of a particular language.
3. How do you understand the concept of "direct" in the Direct Method?
The Direct Method assumes that meanings of the target language should be connected directly with the physical world: its actions, objects, persons, situations, etc. without translating or referring to the learners'mother tongue. Only the target language should be used in the classroom in communicating meaning. Foreign language learning should follow the natural process of first language acquisition where a direct association between language forms and meanings is established.
4. Is the Communicative Approach a useful one for all proficiency levels, particularly for beginners?
Generally speaking, the Communicative Approach can be a useful teaching method for all proficiency levels. The Communicative Approach emphasizes that the goal of language learning is communicative competence. We can make use of whatever learning and teaching techniques which help the learners develop their communicative competence. On condition that we follow the basic principles of the Communicative Approach, such as information gap activities, meaning-based com-munication, authentic materials, our language learners would achieve the goal of mastering a foreign language. Even if with beginners, we can still use the approach.
5. How do you understand the relationship between the grammatical forms of a language and their communicative functions?
The relationship between the grammatical forms of a language and their communicative functions is not a one-to-one correspondence. Whereas the sentence structure is stable and straightforward, its communicative function is variable and depends on specific situational and social factors. The fact is that a single linguistic form can express a number of functions, so also can a single communicative function be expressed by a number of linguistic forms. In a communicative perspective, this relationship is explored more carefully, and as a result our views on the properties of language have been expanded and enriched.
6. What are the five hypothese of Krashen' s Monitor Model?
Krashen's Monitor Model consists of five basic hypotheses : (1) The acquisition-learning hypothesis; (2) The monitor hypothesis; (3) The natural order hypothesis; (4) The input hypothesis; (5) The affective filter hypothesis.
Ⅴ.Questions for Long Answers Directions:The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you' ve learned. Ten points are given to each question.
1. What implications for FLT do you see in Chomsky's work?
Chomsky held that a language learner has, somewhere in his brain, a set of grammar rules with which he can use to make sentences.That is, language is characterized by rule-governed creativity. He claimed that every normal human being is born with an LAD (language acquisition device). The LAD included basic knowledge about the nature and structure of human language. Chomsky's idea that students should be allowed to create their own sentence based on an understanding of a rule is widely used in many classrooms.Chomsky created two linguistic terms: language competence (knowledge of grammar rules ) and language performance (application of language ).It is competence that a learner gradually acquires, and it is this language competence that allows the learner to be creative as a language user." Meaningful performance rather than drill is the only way to master a language.
2. Are there any similarities and differences between the Oral Approach and the Audiolingual Method in terms of language theories and learning theories?
In terms of language theories, there exist little differences between the Oral Approach and the Audiolingual Method. The two approaches have the following similarities: both hold a structural view of language. Structural linguistics views language as a system of structurally related elements for the expression of meaning. Both identify language with speech, and speech ability is approached through oral practice of structure. However, the Oral Approach was developed by the British applied linguists, while the Audio lingual Method was developed by the American structuralists. In terms of learning theories, the two methods also have something in common: both believe in a theory of learning that is based on a type of behaviorist habit-formation theory. Foreign language learning is considered basically a process of habit formation. However, there are also differences between them: while both methods emphasize the establishment of good speech habits through repetition of sentence patterns, the Oral Approach holds that new language points should be introduced and practised situationally, that is, in meaningful context, not be taught as isolated, disconnected elements. And the Oral Approach encouraged direct and spontaneous use of the target language in the classroom. The Audiolingual Method holds learning a language is a process of acquiring a set of appropriate language stimulus-response chains, a mechanical process of habit formation. It overemphasizes language form, not language content, students are not expected to make any spontaneous, personal contribution.