Ⅰ.Multiple Choice Directions:In this section, you are given 15 questions beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.
1. The discourse theory was established by ______ in the late 1970s and developed from M. A. K. Halliday's theory of first language acquisition.
7. Palmer, the British applied linguist, produced a guide to the English vocabulary needed for teaching English as a foreign language. The words are chosen for the following criteria EXCEPT______.
A.they are the words most frequently used by people whose native language is English
8. The combination of structural linguistic theory, aural-oral procedures, and behaviourist psychology led to______, which was widely adopted for teaching of foreign languages in America.
9. According to Krashen, ______ is responsible for the fluency of the utterances produced by speakers while learning is responsible for the accuracy of the speeches or passages.
A.practising
B.analysing
C.acquisition
D.habit-formation
A B C D
C
[解析] 自然法的提倡者克拉申的第二语言习得中自我监测模式(Monitor Model)区分了获得和使用第二语言和外语中的两个性质截然不同的过程,一个是“习得”(Acquisition),另一个是“学习”(Learning),习得是潜意识过程导致“语言能力”的发展和提高,而学习是有意识的学习语法规则。流利的表达能力(fluency of the utterance)不能直接传授,应属习得范畴;文章段落的语法及表达准确性则可以教授,因此属于学习的范畴。因此排除A、B、D。
10. The core of ______ is language acquisition which is considered a subconscious process, dependent on the amount of input the students get and allow in.
15. ______ is the most practical one among the following foreign language teaching methods in China.
A.Three Dimensional Approach
B.The ASSRF Approach
C.Dual Activity Method
D.Zhang Sizhong Method
A B C D
D
[解析] 张思中外语教学法是中国学习者学习英语的一种有效的方法,它是在中国英语教学环境中起源和发展起来的,其核心是“心理优势论”(Theory of psychological advantage)。选项A外语立体化教学法认为外语是学会的,习得的东西只起次要的作用,强调学生要对自己的学习负责,老师采用从上至下的方法(Top-down)处理语言材料。选项B十字教学法是章炳中教授倡导的,其中十字是指情感(affective)、情景(situation)、结构(structure)、规则(rule)和功能(function)这10个字。选项C双重活动教学法将外语教学置于宏观的交际框架之中(macro—communicative framework)。
Ⅱ.Filling Blanks Directions:In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.
1. Diller's first principle that a living language is characterized by rule-governed ______ implies the teaching of a language as a consciously learnt system.
3. The ______ Method emphasizes that written should be graded in the following sequence: reproduction of familiar reading texts, reproduction of narratives orally presented by the teacher and free composition.
Direct
[解析] 在直接法教学中,写作是被用来巩固和评估所学内容的手段,其分级顺序分三步:重述熟悉课文(reproduction of familiar texts)、写出教师口头讲述的故事(reproduction of narratives orally presented by the teacher)、自由作文(free composition)。
4. The Oral Approach believes that language learning in real life is for the acquisition of spoken language while language learning in the classroom is for the development of______.
11. Krashen's ______ order hypothesis states that we acquire the rules of language in a predictable order, some rules tending to come early and other late.
16. J. R. Firth's main approach to the notion of function in context was by means of concept system. People refer to his theory as ______ theory.
system-structure
[解析] J.R.Firth's main approach to the notion of function in context was by means of concept system.People refer to his theory as system-structure theory. 弗尔斯构想根据语境功能这一概念来建立自己的语言学理论,而达到这一目的的主要途径是借助于系统概念。由于系统在他的理论中占据重要地位,所以他的理论被称为系统结构理论。
17. According to the Cognitive Approach,______ practice is the main form of classroom teaching.
language
[解析] According to the Cognitive Approach,language practice is the main form of classroom teaching. 对认知法来说,学习者是课堂教学的中心,那么,语言实践应该是学习的主要形式,教师应该提供机会让学习者能够积极参与大量的语言交流。
18. Krashen uses the ______ hypothesis to explain the relationship between language input and language acquisition and to answer the question of how people acquire languages.
input
[解析] The input hypothesis: Krashen uses the input hypothesis to explain the relationship between language input and language acquisition and to answer the question of how people acquire languages. 自然法倡导人克拉申提出语言输入假设,该假设解释了语言输入与语言习得直接的关系,并对于人们如何习得语言做出了解释。
19. The British structuralism considered that language was identified with speech and speech ability was approached through oral practice of______.
structures
[解析] 口语教学法/情景教学法的语言理论基础可以说是一种英国的结构主义,他们认为,语言就是说话,而说话能力可以通过口头训练语言结构(oral practice of structures)而获得。
20. In the Oral Approach, Palmer insisted that there was a basic difference between the spontaneous capacities of human beings to ______ language naturally and unconsciously and the trained or"situational" capacities of the classroom learner which allowed him to learn language consciously.
acquire
[解析] 习惯形成是帕尔默教学法原则的核心,他坚持认为,人们自然的、无意识的习得语言(acquired language)的自发能力(spontaneous capacities)与学生通过训练或“学习”得到的能力(trained or "situational" capacities)之间有着根本的不同,他认为:自发能力在习得口语的过程中被得到充分发挥,而学得的能力则是培养读写能力所需要的。
Ⅲ.Matching Directions:This section consists of three groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked 1), 2), 3) ,4) or 5) in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match. 1) ______ Jean Piaget 2) ______ M. A. K. Halliday 3) ______ J. Schumann 4) ______ Joseph H. Greenberg 5) ______ B.F. Skinner a) field, tenor and mode concept b) neo-behaviourism c) cognitive psychology d) the hypothesis of linguistic universals e) the acculturation theory
1.
c
瑞士著名心理学家皮亚杰(Piaget)创立了认知发展理论(theory of cognitive development)和图式理论(Schema theory)。
1) ______ the Oral Approach 2) ______ the Cognitive Approach 3) ______ the Direct Method 4) ______ the Audiolingnal Method 5) ______ the Natural Approach a) According to Gouin, verbal expression is intimately linked with thought about real events. Thoughts and utterances came in sequences and ends-means series. b) Primary importance is attached to meaning, context and situation. c) Language is structured like a pyramid, that is ,linguistic levels are systems within systems. d) Language is characterized by rule-governed creativity. e) Communication is the primary function of language, and emphasis is on meaning.
1) ______ Verbal Behavior (1957) 2) ______ Notional Syllabuses (1976) 3) ______ The Principles of Language Study (1921) 4) ______ Guide to Patterns and Usage in English (1954) 5) ______ The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom a) Harold Palmer b) Tracy Terrell c) B. F. Skinner d) A. S. Hornby e) D. A. Wilkins
Ⅳ.Questions for Brief Answers Directions:This section has six questions. You are to briefly answer them. Five points are given to each question.
1. How does the Cognitive Approach make up for all the disadvantages of the Audiolingual Method?
As the Audiolingual Method Was on the decline in the 1960s and many shortcomings were found in it,such as:(1) Weak basis of its theory. (2)Not developing language competence,lack of effectiveness,and boredom caused by endless pattern drills.(3) Learners having little control over their learning.(4) Teacher's domination of the class.(5) Teacher-oriented materials.In response to the criticisms leveled against audio lingualism,the Cognitive Apporach developed as an altenative.In the meantime the structural linguistics gave way to the generative linguistics that turned the attention from mechanistic conditioning to meaningful learning.There appeared many advantages about the Cognitive Approach:(1) Stress on creativity and meaning.(2) More active use of mental power.(3) Suitable for adult language learners.(4) Enjoyable and meaningful learning.(5) More effective learning by drawing on students' experience. (6) Integrating all four skills. (7) Giving students' opportunity to develop functional and performance skills. (8) Drawing on the latest development of linguistics and psychology and FLT theories. (9) More scientific.
2. Do you think that it is necessary to draw a distinction between acquisition and learning? Why or why not?
Yes. The basic principle of the Natural Approach is the distinction between language acquisition and language learning. " Language acquisition" refers to the subconscious process leading to the development of "competence" and is not dependent on the .teaching of grammatical rules. "Language learning" refers to the conscious study and knowledge of grammatical rules. Acquisition takes place during real communication in the language and is considered to be the source of the students' ability to use the language. Learning may contribute to the self-monitoring, or self-editing, of language output that sometimes occurs when speakers have time to reflect and focus on the form of their utterances. Krashen believes that acquiring a language is more successful and longer lasting than learning. This distinction between acquisition and learning provides a basic principle of second language acquisition with important implication for language teaching.
3. Appropriacy of language use has to be considered alongside accuracy. What implications does this have for attitudes to errors?
This has some implications for attitudes to errors. Since both appropracy and accuracy are important in language use, we should pay the same attention to these two aspects. If one's language production is appropriate, but dotted with a lot of grammar errors, communication would be affected.On the other hand, if one' s language production is correct in grammar, but not appropriate in use, communication would not be as effective as expected. Therefore, we should be tolerant to the students' errors which do not affect communication, and be strict to those which interfere with communication and cause ill effects or ill feeling to the other communicators.
4. How do you interpret the idea of "communicating in English" in your case, as a learner of English?
For a learner of English who is studying in a non-English-speaking setting, "communicating in English" means to experience real communicative situations in which I learn to express my own ideas, views and attitudes, and in which I am taken seriously as people. Meaningful communicative activities on my English level will improve my language performance and generate my interest.
5. Review the tenets of Krashen's Input Hypothesis.
Krashen's Input Hypothesis assumes that humans acquire language in only one way--by understanding messages, or by receiving "comprehensible input", which refers to utterance that the learner understands based on the context in which they are used as well as the language in which they are phrased. In language acquisition, we move from i, our current level, to i+1, the next level along the natural order, by understanding input containing i+1. The input hypothesis relates to acquisition, not to meaning. Comprehension is helped by the situation and the context, extralinguistic information and knowledge of the world.After the acquirer has built up linguistic competence by understanding input, the ability to speak fluently will emerge independently in time. It cannot be taught directly. Enough comprehension input provides i+1 automatically.
6. What are the principles of behaviourism?
The principles of behaviourism are as follows: Psychologists should study what could be observed publicly and objectively instead of considering animal' s mental events because these things could not be seen. Behaviourism believes that the study should be focused on learning and the relation between stimuli and responses.
Ⅴ.Questions for Long Answers Directions:The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you' ve learned. Ten points are given to each question.
1. From your own experience of learning English, how should a foreign language be taught in your opinion?
In my opinion, a foreign language should be taught considering the following aspects: (1) It is necessary for language teachers to guide learners, including encouraging their motivation by building up self-confidence, developing self-determination, improving the learning environment, and helping them acquire learning strategies, etc. (2) Language learners should be active and creative in learning process. They must be successful language learners who try to learn the new language independently, actively, and purposefully. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with foreigners and to learn from them. (3) Language is for communication. Learners should be taught to use the foreign language, not just to know something about it. A foreign language should be taught, learned and used as communication, and it is best taught when it is being used to transmit information. (4) A foreign language is a tool, which should he taught for use. In learning the foreign language, practice is the key. Reasons, definitions, and rules are necessary, but they can only he learned through a large number of drills. Reading skills should be stressed in the five basic skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing, translating), and more class time should be spent on reading and on developing reading skills.
2. What do you think will be the trend of FLT in China?
In the next century, we should continue to shift our attention from seeking the best teaching method to studying "individual differences" (ID) and "learner-centred" instruction. We should redefine the role of the language teachers. An important future development in methodology will have been the shift of emphasis from the teachers to the learners. Language teachers are asked to experience and evaluate techniques from the learners'point of view. Thus, although its subject is teaching English, the course aims to make teachers more aware of their role as monitors, counselors, consultants, and helpers in the learning process.In short, the field of second language and foreign language teaching requires a comprehensive view of how successful learning and teaching is planned for and accomplished in educational settings. Rather than methods determining the curriculum, the school and the classroom should be seen as the context in which planning, developing and supporting activities take place.