Ⅰ.Multiple Choice Directions: In this section, you are given 20 questions, beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.
1. It was ______ who had accomplished the functional linguistics and made the London School of Linguistics one of the most competitive linguistic theories in the world.
A.M.A.K.Halliday
B.Bronislaw Malinowski
C.J.R.Firth
D.Sigmund Freud
A B C D
A
[解析] 马利诺夫斯基是功能语言学派的先驱,他提出“语境(context of situation)”这一概念,弗尔斯使它成了伦敦学派的一个关键概念。尽管弗尔斯试图将语言成分与马利诺夫斯基的社会语言学见解结合起来并据此建立一个语言描写的理论模式,但他没能将其理论详解。语言学家韩礼德完成了弗尔斯的未竞事业,使伦敦语言学派成了世界上最具竞争力的语言理论之一。
2. Leonard Bloomfield, a linguist in America, is regarded as the father of ______.
A.American structuralism
B.naturalism
C.functionalism
D.audiolingualism
A B C D
A
[解析] 美国语言学家布鲁姆菲尔德(Bloomfield)被认为是美国结构主义语言学之父。
3. The years between 1940 and 1970 is known as ______ period.
A.the Reform Movement
B.Modem Language Teaching and Research
C.Communicative Language Teaching
D.Structural Language Teaching
A B C D
D
[解析] 外语教学简史可以大致划分为四个阶段:第一阶段为1882—1906年的外语教学改革运动阶段(The Reform Movement);第二阶段为1906—1940年的现代语言教学与研究阶段(Modern language teaching and research);第三阶段为1940—1970年的结构主义语言教学阶段(Structural language teaching);第四阶段为自1970开始的交际语言教学阶段((Communicative language teaching)。
4. An ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language in a Grammar-Translation classroom is to enable the learners to ______.
A.think and communicate in the target language
B.get a practical command of the four basic skills of the language
C.get the same types of abilities that native speakers have
9. The Communicative Approach has a theory of language rooted in ______.
A.functional linguistics
B.transformational generative linguistics
C.structural linguistics
D.cognitive linguistics
A B C D
A
[解析] 交际法的语言理论基础是功能语言学。B转换生成语言学是认知法的语言理论基础。
10. The People's Education Press joined hands with the Longman Group Ltd. in late 1980s and early 1990s and compiled a textbook series for Chinese ______ teaching.
11. By ______, they mean that individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes, knowledge and behavior in order to function well in another culture.
12. A major feature of cognitive-code learning is the emphasis on explanations of ______.
A.grammatical functioning
B.conscious selection of words
C.deductive order of learning
D.language instruction
A B C D
A
[解析] 认知一符号学习理论的主要特征之一就是强调对语法功能的讲解。
13. In ______ English became a formal requirement for the college entrance examination in China and began to appear in the curriculum for the 4th and 5th year of primary schools.
A.1952
B.1962
C.1972
D.1982
A B C D
B
[解析] 到1962年,英语成了进大学高考的必考课程,英语也开始出现在小学四、五年级的课程表上。
14. In Hymes's view, "______" refers to the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of a language but also to know when and where to use these and to whom.
15. Which of the following statements is true in the Grammar-Translation Method?
A.The first language was maintained as the reference system in the acquisition of the second language.
B.The second language was maintained as the reference system in the acquisition of the first language.
C.Latin was maintained as the reference system in the acquisition of the second language.
D.Latin was maintained as the reference system in the acquisition of the first language.
A B C D
A
[解析] 语法翻译法将第一语言看作是习得目标语过程中的参照系统。
16. Most schools of the Communicative Approach share the view that language is used for communication, and they are primarily concerned with the ______ rather than the structure.
20. In the Natural Approach, the lexicon for both comprehension and production is considered ______ in the construction and interpretation of messages.
Ⅱ.Filling Blanks Directions: In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.
1. The language acquisition device (LAD) is made up of a set of principles called ______ grammar.
4. Brunner, the famous American psychologist, holds that learners should organize knowledge for themselves by using discovery method rather than having materials ______ by the teacher.
6. The Grammar-Translation Method believes that grammar is the ______ of language, and language materials are arranged according to the grammar system.
8. Only in the late 18th century did the ______ of grammar rules with translation into target language become popular as the principal practice technique.
10. The ______ Approach emphasizes on actual language use; successful, realistic communication; use of techniques to make classroom simulate real language environment.
Communicative
[解析] 交际法的主要特点是重视语言实际使用,在课堂上努力创造真实交流场景。
11. The learning theory of the Audiolingual Method is ______ in psychology.
behaviourism
[解析] 听说法的语言理论基础是结构主义语言学,其学习理论是行为主义心理学。
12. According to the Communicative Approach, the structure of language reflects its ______ and communicative use.
functional
[解析] 交际法认为,语言的结构反映了交际的功能及目的。
13. Krashen believes that human beings acquire language in only one way—by receiving "______ input".
18. According to Curran, there are six elements necessary for non-defensive learning. They are security, aggression, retention, reflection, ______ and discrimination.
19. The Silent Way takes a ______ approach to the organization of language to be taught.
structural
[解析] 沉默法(The Silent Way)采用结构主义的途径来组织所学语言。
20. Suggestopaedia believes that language learning can occur at a much faster rate than it is often expected if learners can make better use of their ______ powers.
Ⅲ.Matching Directions: This section consists of two groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked ①, ②, ③, ④or ⑤ in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match correctly.
1. Column A ①the Grammar-Translation Method ②the Direct Method ③the Audiolingual Method ④the Cognitive Approach ⑤the Communicative Approach Column B a. The primary function of language is communication. b. All languages originated from one language and were ruled by a common grammar. c. Language is a system of structurally related elements for the expressions of meaning. d. Every language has its own structures and can not be forced into the constraining pattern of Latin grammar. e. A native speaker has in his brain a set of grammar rules which he can use to make sentences with.
2. Column A ①the Oral Approach ②the Audiolingual Approach ③the Cognitive Approach ④the Natural Approach ⑤the Communicative Approach Column B a. Rule learning, meaningful practice and creativity are the focus of classroom teaching. b. Some of the skills are developing listening and note-taking skills, giving oral presentation, project work, role play and simulation. c. It employs situations for presenting new sentence patterns and drill-based manner of practising them. d. In class students are asked to first listen to a dialogue, then repeat and memorize it. e. When learners are ready to begin talking in the target language, the teacher provides comprehensible and simple response opportunities.
①c ②d ③a ④e ⑤b
[解析] ①c:口语教学法/情景教学法的教学技巧包括:(1)用情景(situations)来介绍新句型;(2)操作练习(drill-based practice);(3)指导下的复述和替代练习(guided repetition and substitution activities);(4)听说、模仿和教师规定的以口语为基础的朗读和写作(dictation, imitation and controlled oral-based reading and writing tasks)。 ②d:对话(dialogues)和句型操练(pattern practice)是听说法课堂教学中最基本的形式。在课堂上,教师要求学生先听一段对话,然后复述和背诵。学生要模仿对话以掌握正确的语音、语调、重音和节奏。学生在操练并记住对话后,教师要向他们指出对话中具体的语法结构,然后针对这些结构进行各种形式的句型练习。 ③a:认知法的教学技巧包括规则学习(rule learning)、有意义的实践(meaningful practice)、创造性活动(creativity)。 ④e:自然法课堂教学中,当学生已经作好准备用目标语开始讲话时,教师应给他们提供能理解性语言和回答问题的机会。 ⑤b:交际法提倡听、说、读、写四种技能的综合运用,课堂教学中有很多方法可以达到这一目的,如利用视听材料培养学生边听边做笔记的技能(developing listening and note-taking skills using audio-video materials)、口头报告(oral presentation)、角色表演/模拟(role-play/simulation)、课外研究项目(project work)。
Ⅳ.Questions for Brief Answers Directions: This section has six questions. You are to answer them briefly. Five points are given to each question.
1. Why is first language forbidden in a Direct Method classroom?
The direct methodologists consider foreign language learning as similar to first language acquisition. The learner should try to establish a direct association between language forms and meanings in the target language. The first language is considered an interfering factor, rather than a reference. In order to develop the students' ability to communicate in the target language, students should be encouraged to think in the target language. The best method is not to make the learner learn the language rules, but to provide direct practice in listening and speaking through imitation and repetition.
2. What are the main techniques used in a Grammar-Translation classroom?
Translation is the main technique used in a Grammar-Translation classroom. Generally speaking, literal translation should be followed by free translation; and sentence translation followed by passage translation.
3. How does an Oral Approach teacher respond to students' errors?
Errors are to be avoided at all costs. Accuracy in pronunciation and grammar is regarded as crucial. The teacher is ever on the lookout for grammatical and structural errors. She will indicate students' error and correct it either by herself or get students to correct by themselves.
4. What conditions are needed if you want to apply the Audiolingual Method in your teaching?
The general objective of the Audiolingual Method is to enable the students to use the target language communicatively. They should be able to respond quickly and accurately in speech situations. Therefore, teaching materials should be structurally-based, the chief means of presenting the language should be the use of dialogues. And it is better to have tape recorders and other audiovisual equipment which often have central roles in an audiolingual classroom. A language lab is considered essential in it. If these conditions are met, we could possibly apply the Audiolingual Method in our teaching.
5. Are structure drills valuable pedagogical activities? Why or why not?
Yes, structure drills are valuable pedagogical activities in language learning. With large classes, drills are of particular use in that they can maximize students' participation. A one-word cue on the part of the teacher can elicit a complete utterance from the students and an enormous number of such utterances can be produced within the space of two minutes. With judicious mixing of choral and individual drill, each student can have the chance to respond productively about five times a minute in classes of twenty students or fewer. However, drills should be used judiciously, if over used, students will get bored.
6. What is the basic theory of Gestalt psychology?
Gestalt psychology appeared in the 1920s. Its research was focused on the area of perception, aiming at the exploration of the relationship between parts and whole in people's perceptual experience. It claimed that people perceived objects and scenes as organized wholes before they noticed their component parts. The word "Gestalt" means "organized shape" or "whole form" in English.
Ⅴ.Questions for Long Answers Directions: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you've learned. Ten points are given to each question.
1. What do you think the three methods (the Silent Way, Community Language Learning and Suggestopaedia) have in common?
(1) They all lay emphasis on the individual and on personal learning strategies. (2) They try to give students room and time to learn with as little intrusion of the teacher into the learning process as possible. (3) They all try to involve the whole person of the students. (4) They view the learning of a second language as quite different from the learning of the first. (5) All three are inductive in the initial stage of the language learning process. (6) All three approaches advocate that there should be no correction of the learners' errors and they should be given enough time to work on their own. (7) They all aim to reduce the anxiety and tension of language learning. (8) They all encourages active use of the language in communicative situations from the beginning. (9)They all try to create a community feeling.
2. What do you think of those six methods proposed by Chinese language teachers?
The emergence of the six methods (Three Dimensional Approach, The ASSRF Method, Dual Activity Method, Global Method, Leveled Method, and Zhang Sizhong Method) reflects a fact that the Chinese ELT professionals are now not simply copying foreign methods blindly, nor are they teaching according to their experience or instincts only. They are trying to find a method which is scientifically based and which suits the Chinese conditions, the Chinese language teachers and learners. What we need is not blind application of foreign teaching methods, nor is eclecticism, but judgement. With the deepening of education reform, more and more people call for FLT reform in China. A gradual consensus has been reached concerning the students' integral competence through teaching reform. We should have to explore the law of English teaching in China and create our new system of English language teaching methodology.