Ⅰ.Multiple Choice Directions: In this section, you are given 20 questions, beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.
1. In 1957, Noam Chomsky's book Syntactic Structures was published which started the ______.
3. According to Skinner, a well-known behaviorist psychologist, ______ was much more effective than ______ in a teaching situation.
A.reward, reasoning
B.reward, punishment
C.reasoning, reward
D.reasoning, punishment
A B C D
B
[解析] 斯金纳认为,在教学实践中奖励往往比惩罚更加有效。
4. The Direct Method got its name from the assumption that meanings are to be connected directly with ______, without going through the process of translating into the students' native language.
9. According to ______, communicative competence entails four dimensions: grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence and strategic competence.
10. ______ of second language acquisition was developed from the Halliday's theory of first language acquisition.
A.Habit formation theory
B.Discourse theory
C.Monitor theory
D.Cognitive theory
A B C D
B
[解析] 话语交际说是由韩礼德的第一语言习得理论发展而来的,由哈奇于20世纪70年代后期提出。
11. According to behaviourist psychology, learning a language is a process of acquiring a set of appropriate ______ chains, a mechanical process of habit formation.
13. The affective filter hypothesis of Krashen's Monitor Model states that acquirers with ______ affective filter seek and receive more comprehensible input.
20. The Cognitive Approach gives importance to the learner's active part in the process of using and learning a language, particularly in the learning of ______.
A.rules of spelling
B.rules of word formation
C.rules of pronunciation
D.rules of grammar
A B C D
D
[解析] 认知法非常重视学生在语言运用和语言学习中的积极参与,尤其是语法规则的学习方面。
Ⅱ.Filling Blanks Directions: In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.
1. According to the faculty psychologists, understanding and memorization of complicated grammatical rules of languages were regarded as important means of developing ______.
6. Krashen's Monitor Model of second language development distinguishes two distinct processes in second and foreign language development and use: "acquisition" and "______".
19. Ausubel believes that the learned material will soon be forgotten because rote learning has little or no association with existing ______ structure.
Ⅲ.Matching Directions: This section consists of two groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked ①, ②, ③, ④or ⑤ in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match correctly.
1. Column A: the main features of the Direct Method ①The students are encouraged to learn to think in the target language. ②The target language is used exclusively in the language classroom. ③Grammar is learned inductively. ④Oral communication skills are regarded as basic. ⑤The basic unit in a language is the sentence. Column B: the advantage or disadvantage associated with the feature a. Regarding listening and speaking as the basis of reading and writing is strategic in fostering the four skills. b. Thinking in the target language is necessary in efficient real communication. c. Learners lack a necessary knowledge of the target language grammar. d. It is difficult to teach the meaning of abstract concepts. e. Using full sentences as teaching units makes foreign language learning more natural and efficient.
2. Column A: Foreign Language Teaching Method ①Total Physical Response ②The Silent Way ③Community Language Learning ④Suggestopaedia ⑤Three Dimensional Approach Column B: the advocator or practitioner a. J.Asher b. G.Lozanov c. Zhang Zhengdong d. Charles A.Curran e. Gattegno
Ⅳ.Questions for Brief Answers Directions: This section has six questions. You are to answer them briefly. Five points are given to each question.
1. How does the acculturation theory explain the second language acquisition?
Acculturation means individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes, knowledge and behaviour in order to do well in another culture. It believes that second language acquisition is just one aspect of acculturation and the degree of acculturation will control the degree of second language acquisition.
2. What language skills are emphasized and what main techniques are used in the Direct Method classroom?
(1) Listening and speaking skills are emphasized and they are regarded as the basis of reading and writing. (2) The Direct Method mainly used such techniques as question and answer exercises, dictation and conversation practice.
3. What is the basic theory of psychoanalysis?
(1) The basic theory of psychoanalysis is put forward by Freud. (2) The theory divided the mind into conscious and unconscious mind. (3) The conscious mind is only a very small part of the whole mind while the rest remains unconscious. (4) Psychoanalysis aims to analyze the irrational behaviour of patients.
4. What are the principles of behaviourism?
The principles of behaviourism are as follow: (1) Psychologists should study what could be observed publicly and objectively instead of considering animal's mental events. (2) Behaviourism believes that the study should be focused on learning and the relation between stimuli and responses.
5. What is Chomsky's explanation of the first language process?
Chomsky assumes that children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD). This LAD is made up of a set of general principles called universal grammar. Once the child is born, the particular language environment will trigger the LAD. Children's language acquisition process completes when the universal grammar is successfully transformed into the grammar of a particular language.
6. What are the procedures followed in a Cognitive Approach classroom?
(1) introduction of new materials; (2) exercises; (3) application activities.
Ⅴ.Questions for Long Answers Directions: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you've learned. Ten points are given to each question.
1. What are the main characteristics of the Oral Approach? And what is the main difference between this Approach and the. Direct Method?
The main characteristics of the Oral Approach are as follows: (1) Language teaching begins with the spoken language. Material is taught orally before it is presented in the written form. (2) The target language is the language of classroom. Translation should be avoided. (3) New language points are introduced and practised situationally. (4) Vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that common core words are covered. (5) Simple forms of grammar are taught before complex ones, and inductively. (6) Reading and writing are introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established. The Oral Approach insists the new language points be taught situationally. The Direct Method holds the meanings and the target language should be associated directly without referring to students's first language.
2. Comment on the four principles of cognitivism formulated by Diller.
(1) Diller's first principle that a living language is characterized by rule-governed creativity implies the teaching of a language as a consciously learnt system. (2) The second principle is that the rules of grammar are psychologically real. The rules of a new language are best learnt in conjunction with demonstration and practice. From the two principles above we must insist that the learner is the centre of language teaching and language practice is the main form of classroom teaching. (3) The third is that man is especially equipped to learn languages and learning language is a human characteristic. From this principle we can draw a conclusion that the language learning occurs at any time in life in a situation of meaningful use. We should take a broad view of education of the whole person (lifelong education). (4) The last principle is that a living language is a language in which we can think and language is bound up with meaning and thinking. We should emphasize language understanding, meaningful learning and meaningful practice during the entire learning process.