1. ______ provided the methodological foundation for materials for the teaching and its principles formed the basis of such widely used series as English 900 and Success With English.
A.The Direct Method
B.The Oral Approach
C.The Audiolingual Method
D.The Communicative Approach
A B C D
C
[解析] 英语900句和Success with English都重视视听材料的运用,锻炼学习者的听说技能,把对话作为介绍语言的主要形式,把句型操练作为主要的训练方法。选项A侧重于用目标语教学,利用动作、实物、表情、手势和情景来“直接”表达语言的意义。选项B口语法侧重于情景活动。选项D交际法侧重于交际的顺利进行。
2. The years between 1940 and 1970 is known as ______ period.
A.the Reform Movement
B.Modem Language Teaching and Research
C.Communicative Language Teaching
D.Structural Language Teaching
A B C D
D
[解析] 外语教学简史可以大致划分为四个阶段:第一阶段为1882—1906年的外语教学改革运动阶段(The Reform Movement);第二阶段为1906—1940年的现代语言教学与研究阶段(Modern language teaching and research);第三阶段为1940—1970年的结构主义语言教学阶段(Structural language teaching);第四阶段为自1970开始的交际语言教学阶段((Communicative language teaching)。
8. The Natural Approach uses three stages as a basis for beginners: 1 ______; 2 giving the students comprehensible input about experiences and allowing for opportunities to engage in conversations about their own experiences; and 3 input and discussions, concerning opinions.
A.lowering the affective filter
B.strengthening the affective filter
C.lowering anxiety
D.strengthening motivation
A B C D
C
[解析] 自然法给初学者组织教学有三个步骤,其内容包括个人经历、家庭和情景话题。第一步:将学生置于语言的交际情景之中,使他们相互认识,其目的是减少情感障碍(lowering the affective filter);第二步:给学生提供有关经历的可理解性输入(comprehensible input),使他们有机会谈论他们自己的经历;第三步:包括学生接受语言输入、开展讨论、发表意见等。
9. G.Lozanov was the founder of ______.
A.the Community Language Learning
B.the Direct Method
C.Suggestopaedia
D.the Natural Approach
A B C D
C
[解析] 暗示法(suggestopaedia)是洛扎诺夫提倡的。选项A集体语言学习法是由柯伦(chades A.curran)和他的同事们共同倡导的一种方法,该方法建议教师要把学生当成一个“完整的人”来对待,所以有时人们把这种方法叫做“人文主义教学法”。选项B直接法的倡导者是著名的语言教学革新家法国人古文。选项D自然法的倡导者是克拉申和特雷尔(Krashen and Terrell)。
10. Children develop language competence in their first language in a relatively short time merely by ______it.
A.being exposed to
B.speaking
C.using
D.listening to
A B C D
A
[解析] 乔姆斯基认为儿童天生就有一种特殊的学习语言的能力(LAD),不需要教他们语言,也不需要纠正其语言错误,只要让他们生活在语言环境之中(be exposed to it),就能学会语言,并且在不知不觉中掌握其语言规则。这一仅仅依赖置身于某一语言环境之中,通过使用语言进行及交流来掌握母语语言规则的过程称为语言习得。
11. Who first used the term "communicative competence" in deliberate contrast to Chomsky's "linguistic competence" ?
15. The Audiolingual Method provided such materials for teaching English as all of the following EXCEPT ______.
A.English 900
B.Lado English Series
C.New World English
D.Success With English
A B C D
C
[解析] 听说法被广泛应用于北关各高等院校的外语教学。它为大学外语教学和教材编写提供了教学方法上的理论基础。Lado English Series《拉杜英语教材》、English 900《英语900句》、Success With English《英语成效》都是根据听说法原则编写的。
Ⅱ.Filling Blanks
1. Language is best taught when it is being used to transmit______.
messages
[解析] Language is best taught when it is being used to transmit messages. 自然法认为语言输入是任何一种语言教学大纲中最重要的部分,当语言只有在被用来传达信息,而不是有意识的为教语言而教语言时,才最有利于学习。
2. According to the Cognitive Approach,______ practice is the main form of classroom teaching.
language
[解析] According to the Cognitive Approach,language practice is the main form of classroom teaching. 对认知法来说,学习者是课堂教学的中心,那么,语言实践应该是学习的主要形式,教师应该提供机会让学习者能够积极参与大量的语言交流。
3. Palmer focused on his main interest in the habit formation of foreign language ______ patterns.
4. Krashen's Monitor Model of second language development distinguishes two distinct processes in second and foreign language development and use: "acquisition" and "______".
8. Traditional linguists believe that the ______ form of language was superior to the spoken form which was regarded as the corrupted form of language.
written
[解析] Traditional linguists believe that the written form of language was superior to the spoken form which was regarded as the corrupted form of language 传统语言学认为书面语的产生早于口语的产生,并且认为口语是语言滥用造成的结果。
9. Suggestopaedia believes that language learning can occur at a much faster rate than it is often expected if learners can make better use of their______ powers.
mental
[解析] Suggestopaedia believes that language learning can occur at a much faster rate than it is often expected if learners Can make better use of their mental powers. 暗示法是洛扎诺夫提倡的,他认为,如果学习者能够充分使用自己的脑力,语言学习的速度可以比人们预期的快得多,因此,为了更好的利用脑力资源,学习者应当对自己认为存在的一些心理局限进行“反暗示”。
10. Krashen's Monitor Model of second language development distinguishes two distinct processes in second and foreign language development and use: "acquisition" and "______".
11. The essence of Zhang Method is the "theory of psychological advantage". It believes in the great ______ students have once they develop the right interest, enthusiasm and motivation in learning a foreign language.
1) ______ the Grammar-Translation Method 2) ______ the Direct Method 3) ______ the Audiolingual Method 4) ______ the Cognitive Approach 5) ______ the Communicative Approach a) The primary function of language is communication. b) All languages originated from one language and were ruled by a common grammar. c) Language is a system of structurally related elements for the expressions of meaning. d) Every language has its own structures and can not be forced into the constraining pattern of Latin grammar. e) A native speaker has in his brain a set of grammar rules which he can use to make sentences with.
直接法所依据的语言理论主要来自以下观点:(1) 每一种语言都有自己独特的结构(Every language has its own structure):(2) 口头语言早于书面语言(Spoken language comes before written language);(3) 口头语言是可以学习的声音体系(Spoken language is a learnable system of sounds);(4) 语言和思想有着密切的联系(Language and thought are closely linked)。其中观点一认为每种语言都有自己独特的结构,不能被死搬硬套进拉丁语语法中,这种观点否定了在传统教学法中翻译法的主导作用,并推动了直接法来代替翻译法作为外语教学的主要方法。
1. What are the five hypothese of Krashen' s Monitor Model?
Krashen's Monitor Model consists of five basic hypotheses : (1) The acquisition-learning hypothesis; (2) The monitor hypothesis; (3) The natural order hypothesis; (4) The input hypothesis; (5) The affective filter hypothesis.
2. What are the distinguishing features of the Notional-Functional Syllabus?
They were its attention to functions as the organizing elements of English language curriculum,and its contrast with a structural syllabus.
3. What are the procedures followed in a Cognitive Approach classroom?
(1) introduction of new materials; (2) exercise; (3) application activities.
4. How does the acculturation theory explain the second language acquisition?
Acculturation means individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes, knowledge and behaviour in order to do well in another culture. It believes that second language acquisition is just one aspect of acculturation and the degree of acculturation will control the degree of second language acquisition.
5. Why is first language forbidden in a Direct Method classroom?
The direct methodologists consider foreign language learning as similar to first language acquisition. The learner should try to establish a direct association between language forms and meanings in the target language. The first language is considered an interfering factor, rather than a reference. In order to develop the students' ability to communicate in the target language, students should be encouraged to think in the target language. The best method is not to make the learner learn the language rules, but to provide direct practice in listening and speaking through imitation and repetition.
6. How does transformational generative linguistics differ in research methods?
Transformational generative linguistics opposes the structuralist method of taking linguistic performance as the goal.It also attacks the inductive approach.It believes that linguistics should study the linguistic competence,not the performance,ofthe native speaker and try to set up a system of rules that will generate an infinite number of grammatical sentences.
Ⅴ.Questions for Long Answers
1. What are the main characteristics of the Oral Approach? And what is the main difference between this Approach and the Direct Method?
The main characteristics of the Oral Approach are as follows: (1) Language teaching begins with the spoken language. Material is taught orally before it is presented in the written form. (2) The target language is the language of classroom. Translation should be avoided. (3) New language points are introduced and practised situationally. (4) Vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that common core words are covered. (5) Simple forms of grammar are taught before complex ones, and inductively. (6) Reading and writing are introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established. The Oral Approach insists the new language points be taught situationally. The Direct Method holds the meanings and the target language should be associated directly without referring to students's first language.
2. What advantages can be found in the Direct Method?
(1) The use of the target language as a means of instruction and communication in the classroom contributes greatly to forming the habit of thinking in the target language. (2) The emphasis on practice with new language items and on language skills is important in achieving automaticity of using the target language. (3) The emphasis on spoken language conforms to the objectives of modern language teaching. Special attention paid to pronunciation and intonation is desirable in teaching spoken language. (4) Using full sentences as teaching units makes foreign language learning more natural and efficient for students to understand a new text and acquire a language. (5) Regarding listening and speaking as the basis of reading and writing is strategic in fostering the four skills.