Ⅰ.CAREFUL READING Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 1 There are two basic differences between the large and the small enterprises. In the small enterprise you operate primarily through personal contacts. In the large enterprise you have established "policies", "channels" of organization, and fairly rigid procedures. In the small enterprise you have, moreover, immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions right away, once you are a little above the ground floor. In the large enterprise even the man at the top is only part of a big machine. To be sure, his actions affect a much greater area than the actions and decisions of the man in the small organization, but his effectiveness is remote, indirect, and difficult to see at first sight. In a small and even in a middle-sized business you are normally exposed to all kinds of experiences, and expected to do a great many things without too much help or guidance. In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly. In the small one the danger is of becoming a jack-of-all-trades and master of none. In the large one it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less. There is one other important thing to consider: do you get a deep sense of satisfaction from being a member of a well-known organization—General Motors, the Bell Telephone System, the government? Or is it more important to you to be a well-known and important figure within your own small pond? There is a basic difference between the satisfaction that comes from being a member of a large, powerful, and generally known organization, and the one that comes from being a member of a family; between impersonal grandeur and personal often much too personal intimacy; between life in a small office on the top floor of a skyscraper and life in a crossroads gas station.
1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that in a large enterprise ______.
A.new technology is employed quickly
B.all people work efficiently
C.one's effectiveness is felt very slowly
D.one can get promotion easily
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。由第一段“...but his effectiveness is remote, indirect, and difficult to see at first sight”一句可知C项正确。答案为C。
2. Generally speaking, the person working in a large enterprise ______.
A.has to deal with a great many things
B.knows how everything is going on around him
C.acquires increasingly thorough knowledge within a limited field
D.feels more secure than the one employed by a small enterprise
3. In the second paragraph, the writer mentions "your own small pond" to refer to ______.
A.a top leader in a large enterprise
B.a manager of a small enterprise
C.a large enterprise
D.a small enterprise
A B C D
D
[解析] 推理题。由“or”可推知,前后两句是转折。上一句说的是“a well-known organization”即一个大公司,那么“your own small pond”就是指一个小公司即“a small enterprise”。答案为D。
4. According to the information provided in the passage, if you are interested in personal intimacy, you should work ______.
A.for General Motors
B.for the Bell Telephone System
C.in a department in the government
D.in a crossroads gas station
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节推理题。由文章的最后一句中的between...and...排比可知,impersonal grandeur与life in a small office on the top floor of a skyscraper对应,personal intimacy与life in a crossroads gas station对应,即选D。答案为D。
5. The writer of this passage ______.
A.compares the large and the small enterprises objectively
B.obviously prefers to work for a large enterprise
C.intends to show the advantages of working in a small business
D.explains the disadvantages of being a top leader in a large business
A B C D
A
[解析] 主旨题。本文从多个方面对比了大公司与小公司的区别,且作者态度是客观的。答案为A。
Passage 2 For the most part, rapid economic development has been a boon. But there is a down side to development—health problems such as overweight are all becoming more prevalent, as more people take taxis to work instead of riding their bicycles, and other labor saving devices become more popular. An increasingly fast pace of life makes it difficult for people to spend time working out or playing sports. "I know exercise is good for your health," a young lady said "But after a busy work week, the only thing I want to do is to watch some TV and go to sleep." That attitude may explain the results of a recent nationwide study, which suggested 15 percent of urban adults in China are overweight, a large number of people over the age of 40 suffer from high blood pressure and cardiac ailments (心脏病). Local researchers found that 31.2 percent of elderly respondents were getting enough exercise, but less than 9 percent of youngsters and the middle aged got an adequate amount of physical activity. Elderly people understand the importance of protecting their health. The young people, however, are busy working and use this as an excuse to avoid exercise. In fact, physical exercise doesn't require much time, money or a special gymnasium. People can make use of any time and any place at their convenience to take part in sports. Walking quickly, cycling, climbing the stairs and dancing are all helpful methods to enhance one's health. The benefits of adding a little more activity to your life are priceless. "There is no need to be an athlete, however," a local doctor said people should walk for 30 minutes a day and take part in some other physical activity three to five times a week. He warns, however, that people in poor physical shape should start slowly, and build up over time.
1. Rapid economic development has resulted in all the following except ______.
A.an increasing number of taxi passengers
B.the wide use of labor saving devices
C.an increasingly fast pace of life
D.people's awareness of the importance of exercise
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。“除了下列哪一项之外,其他的都是经济快速发展产生的情况?”D选项“人们意识到锻炼的重要性”在文中没有提到,是正确答案。文中第一段和第二段提到more people take taxis to work...An increasingly fast pace of life,该句中涉及到了选项A、B、C的内容。答案为D。
2. Some people are getting overweight because ______.
A.they are too busy to have any time for exercise
B.they are ignorant of the benefits of exercise
C.they are too weak to participate in physical activity
D.they are short of money to pay for different exercises
3. According to the passage, who need regular daily exercise most?
A.People taking taxis to work.
B.Urban adults with full-time jobs.
C.Elderly people suffering from high blood pressure.
D.Youngsters dreaming of becoming professional athletes.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。“根据文章内容,谁最需要每天有规律地锻炼?”B选项“有全职工作的城市成年人”,是正确答案。文中第四段提到The young people, however,...physical exercise doesn't require much time。A选项“坐出租车工作的人”;C选项“患有高血压的老人”;D选项“梦想成为职业运动员的年轻人”。答案为B。
4. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A.Many people are still unable to afford the cost of physical exercise.
B.Nobody should take part in physical activity in order to be an athlete.
C.Moderate physical exercise is usually enough for ordinary people.
D.Old or sick people should only take part in physical exercises of the slowest type.
A B C D
C
[解析] 主旨题。“最后一段的主要内容是什么?”C选项“对普通人来说,适量的运动通常就足够了”,是正确答案。文中最后第一段提到People should walk for 30 minutes a day...three to five times a week。A选项“许多人仍支付不起运动的费用”;B选项“没人会为了成为运动员而参加运动”;D选项“老人或病人应该只参加最慢的运动”。答案为C。
5. By referring to rapid economic development as "a boon" at the beginning of the passage, the author means that ______.
A.it has benefited the general public greatly
B.it has done harm to people's health nationwide
C.it is going faster than anyone could have imagined
D.it has helped to establish a positive and healthy lifestyle of the public
Passage 3 The market is a concept. If you are growing tomatoes in your backyard for sale you are producing for the market. You might sell some to your neighbor and some to the manager of the local supermarket. But in either case, you are producing for the market. Your efforts are being directed by the market. If people stop buying tomatoes, you will stop producing them. If you take care of a sick person to earn money, you are producing for the market. If your father is a steelworker or a truck driver or a doctor or a grocer, he is producing goods or service for the market. When you spend your income, you are buying things from the market. You may spend money in stores, supermarkets, gas stations, and restaurants. Still you are buying from the market. When the local grocer hires you to drive the delivery truck, he is buying your labor in the labor market. The market may seem to be something abstract. But for each person or business who is making and selling something, it's very real. If nobody buys your tomatoes, it won't be long before you get the message. The market is telling you something. It's telling you that you are using energies and resources in doing something the market doesn't want you to do.
1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
2. All of the following acts are producing for the market except ______.
A.working in a bank
B.printing a book
C.attending a night school
D.growing beans for sale
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。“下列哪个行为不是为市场生产?”C选项“参加夜校”,是正确答案。文中第一段说If you are growing tomatoes in your backyard,文中第二段说producing goods or service for the market。A选项“在银行上班”;B选项“印刷书”;D选项“种豆子用于交易”,三个选项都是市场生产。答案为C。
3. You are buying from the market when you ______.
Passage 4 The Yanomami are a people living in villages between 40 and 250 people in the Venezuelan rain forest. Since the 1960s, Napoleon Chagnon has studied several Yanomami villages, written a widely-read book called The Fierce People about the Yanomami and helped to produce several films about them. Chagnon's writings and films have promoted a long standing view of the Yanomami as exceptionally violent and war-loving. According to Chagnon, about one third of adult Yanomami males die violently, about two thirds of all adults had lost at least one close relative through violence, and over 50 percent had lost two or more close relatives. He has reported that one village was raided 25 times during his first 15 months there. Chagnon provides a sociobological explanation for the fierceness of the Yanomami. He explains that village raids and warfare are carried to obtain wives. Although the Yanomami prefer to marry within their village, there is a shortage of potential brides because the Yanomami practice the killing of female infants, which creates a scarcity of women. While the Yanomami prefer to marry within their own group, taking a wife from another group is preferable to remaining a bachelor. Men in other groups, however, are unwilling to give up their women; hence the necessity for raids. Chagnon also argues that, as successful warriors will be able to gain a wife or more than one wife, they often have more children than unsuccessful ones. Successful warriors, Chagnon suggests, carry a genetic advantage for fierceness, which they pass on to their sons, leading to a high growth rate of groups with violent males through genetic selection for fierceness. Male fierceness, in this view, is biologically determined. Marvin Harris, who has a cultural materialist perspective, says that food scarcity and population in the area are the underlying causes of warfare. The Yanomami lack plentiful sources of meat, which is highly valued. Harris suggests that when hunting in an area was exhausted, the Yanomami would venture into territories of neighboring groups, thus giving rise to conflicts. Such conflicts in turn resulted in high rate of adult male deaths. Combined with the effects of female infant killing, this meat warfare complex kept population growth rate down to a level that the environment could support. In contrast, Patrick Tierney, a journalist, points the finger of blame to a large extent at Chagnon himself. Tierney presents evidence that it was the presence of Chagnon and his team of co-researchers and many boxes of trade goods that triggered a series of deadly raids, for the Yanomami competed with other groups for his trade goods. In addition, Tierney argues that Chagnon intentionally prompted the Yanomami to act fiercely for his films and to stage raids thatactually led to bad feelings where they had not existed before.
1. The first sentence in the second paragraph implies that ______.
A.the Yanomami are fierce by nature
B.the Yanomami are historically a fierce people
C.Chagnon influenced people's view of the Yanomami
D.Chagnon was the discoverer of the Yanomami fierceness
A B C D
C
[解析] 推断题。“第二段第一句暗示了什么?”C选项“Chagnon影响了人们对Yanomami的看法”,是正确答案。文中第二段说Chagnon's writings and films have promoted a long-standing view of the Yanomami as exceptionally violent and war-loving。A选项“Yanomami是本性凶残的”;B选项“Yanomami在历史上是本性凶残的民族”;D选项“Chagnon发现Yanomami的本性是凶残的”。答案为C。
2. According to Chagnon's explanation, the fierceness of the Yanomami originates from ______.
A.the lack of men
B.the shortage of women
C.the desire to marry out
D.the fear of marrying within
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。“根据Chagnon的解释,Yanomami的凶残来源于什么?”B选项“妇女的缺乏”,是正确答案。文中第三段说He explains that...a shortage of potential brides。A选项“男人的缺乏”;C选项“希望嫁出去的愿望”;D选项“害怕在本民族内结婚”。答案为B。
3. Chagnon's explanation of the Yanomami suggests that individual personality is ______.
A.inborn
B.learned
C.reshaped
D.acquired
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。“Chagnon对Yanomami的解释表明一个人的个性是怎样形成的?”A选项“与生俱来的”,是正确答案。文中第三段说Male fierceness, in this view, is biologically determined。B选项“学习的”;C选项“重塑的”;D选项“后天习得的”,三个选项都不正确。答案为A。
4. Marvin Harris explains the fierceness of the Yanomami in terms of ______.
A.biology
B.race
C.history
D.environment
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。“Marvin Harris是根据什么来解释Yanomami的凶残的?”D选项“环境”,是正确答案。文中第四段说Marvin Harris,...are the underlying causes of warfare。A选项“生物”;B选项“种族”;C选项“历史”。答案为D。
5. In contrast to other researchers, Patrick Tierney interprets issues concerning the Yanomami as the result of their ______.
A.native culture
B.primitive society
C.modern researchers
D.primitive enemies
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。“与其他研究者不同,Patrick Tierney认为Yanomami问题的是由什么造成的?”C选项“现代研究者”,是正确答案。文中最后一段说In contrast, Patrick Tierney, a journalist, points the finger of blame to a large extent at Chagnon himself。A选项“本土文化”;B选项“原始社会”;D选项“原始敌人”。答案为C。
Ⅱ.SPEED READING Skim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 5 As a boy Sanders was much influenced by books about the sea hut in fact by the age of fifteen he had decided to become a doctor rather than a sailor. His father was a dentist and as a result Sanders had the opportunity of meeting doctors socially. When he was fourteen he was already hanging around the dispensary of the local doctor where he was supposed to be helping to wrap up medicine bottles, but was actually trying to listen to the conversations with patients taking place in the next room. During the war Sanders served in the Navy as a surgeon. "That was the happiest time of my life doing major surgery. I was dealing with very real suffering and on the whole making a success of it." In Rhodes he taught the country people simple facts about medicine. He saw himself as a lifesaver. He had proved his skill to himself and his ability to take decisions. With this proof came the firm belief that those who lived simply and those who were dependent upon him possessed qualities and a secret of living which he lacked. After the war he married and chose practice deep in the English countryside, working under an old doctor who was much liked in the district but who hated the sight of blood and believed that the secret of medicine was faith. This gave the younger man plenty of opportunity to go on working as a lifesaver.
1. When he was a small boy Sanders wanted to be a ______.
Passage 6 Taking natural objects such as rocks, bones, clouds and flowers for subject matter, Georgia O'Keeffe reduced them to their simplest form, often by employing a close-up view or some other unusual vantage point. With such techniques, including the use of thin paint and clear colors to emphasize a feeling of mystical silence and space, she achieved an abstract simplicity in her paintings. O'Keeffe spent a summer in New Mexico in 1929 and the bleak landscape and broad skies of the desert so appealed to her that she later settled there permanently. Cows' kulls and other bare bones found in the desert were frequent motifs in her paintings. Other common subjects included flowers, the sky, and the horizon lines of the desert. After O'Keeffe's three-month trip around the world by plane in 1959, the sky "paved with clouds" as seen from an airplane also became one of her favorite motifs and the subject of her largest work, a 24-foot mural that she began in 1966.
1. With what subject is the passage mainly concerned?
2. Which of the following is an example of something often painted by O'Keeffe?
A.An airport.
B.A deserted street.
C.An astronaut in outer space.
D.A cloud formation.
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。“以下哪些是Georgia O'Keeffe经常绘制的内容?”D选项“云的形成”。文中第一句说Taking natural objects such as rocks, bones, clouds and flowers for subject matter...。A选项“机场”;B选项“荒凉的街道”;C选项“外太空的宇航员”,这几项文中都没有提到。答案为D。
3. With which of the following statements concerning Georgia O'Keeffe's paintings would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?
A.They generally create a sense of stillness and open space.
B.They are so realistic that they often resemble ordinary photographic images.
C.Most of them are portraits of the painter's friends and relatives.
D.They represent humans in an eternal struggle with the forces of nature.
A B C D
A
[解析] 推断题。“关于Georgia O'Keeffe的油画,作者可能会同意以下哪种观点?”A选项“它们一般会创造一种静止与开放的空间”。文中说including the use of thin paint and clear colors to emphasize a feeling of mystical silence and space...,可见这种观点与作者是一致的。B选项“它们太现实了,有些像普通的照片”;C选项“大多数是画家的亲戚或朋友的肖像”;D选项“它们代表了人类与自然力的永恒斗争”,文中没有提到。答案为A。
4. Why did O'Keeffe spend a summer in New Mexico in 1929, and then she lived there?
A.Because she didn't like any other places at that time.
B.Because she was fascinated by the bleak landscape and broad skies of the desert.
C.Because her body wasn't in a good states then.
D.This question is not mentioned in this passage.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。“为什么O'Keeffe 1929年去新墨西哥州度假,而后又住在了那里?”第一段中间O'Keeffe spent a summer...she later settled there permanently即是本题答案。答案为B。
5. Which of the following aspects of the desert landscape is not mentioned by the author as one that attracted O'Keeffe's attention?
A.Bones.
B.Sand.
C.The sky.
D.Flowers.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。“关于以下备受欢迎的Georgia O'Keeffe沙漠风景的几个方面,哪个没有被作者提到?”B选项“沙子”。文中说Cows' skulls...and the horizon lines of the desert,其中没有提到沙子。A选项“骨头”;C选项“天空”;D选项“花朵”,这三项原文中都提到过。答案为B。
第二部分 非选择题
Ⅲ.DISCOURSE CLOZE The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. In 1786 a call went out to all the states inviting them to send delegates to a meeting to be held in Philadelphia in the spring of 1787 1 . No more important meeting has ever been held in America to it came fifty-five men, among them some of the most famous men in our history. They included George Washington who presided over the convention, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, They worried teadily and in secret from May well into September and adjourned only after they had written a new plan of government to be sent to the thirteen States for approval 2 . A great English Statesman called this constitution the most remarkable work known to me in modern times to have been produced by the human intellect, at single stroke (so to speak), in its application to political affairs. 3 . Since then it has been the fundamental law of the nation. "We the people of the United States," the Preamble to the Constitution begins, 4 . These purposes were: first, to form a more perfect Union; second, to establish justice; third, to insure domestic peace; fourth, to provide for the blessings of liberty to themselves and their posterity. The makers of the Constitution had no choice but to continue the dual system of government, a system under which each of the states would look after its own affairs while a general government would attend to matters that the states could not deal with effectively. 5 No other plan would win the support of any state. This is a basic fact to be kept in mind. The problem was to construct a sovereign nation made up of many sovereign states. The federal government must be built in such a way as to keep it from coming into conflict with the state governments. In solving the problem of the relation of the whole to the parts, 6 . We are now prepared to look briefly at the Constitution itself. What are its leading principles? What are its leading provisions? First of all, the Constitution is based on the principle of delegation of powers. This means that it provides for a national government that has only those powers granted to it in the Constitution by the people. Before it can act in a matter the federal government must find the power to do so in the Constitution. Powers not granted to the United States by the Constitution nor denied by it to the state are reserved to the states or to the people themselves. The states thus have powers that the federal government does not have. 7 , Each state makes its own laws on these matters. Next, the Constitution provides for a federal government based on the principle of the separation of powers. It provides for three distinct departments of government: legislative, executive and judicial. All legislative power granted by the Constitution is given to Congress; the executive power is given to the President and the judicial power is given to the Supreme Court and other federal courts. The Constitution has many provisions intended to keep each department independent and strong. Each department has ways of exerting some control over the others. In this way no department can become all-powerful. The President is Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy, but all the money for supporting an army and navy must be appropriated by Congress. The Supreme Court has power to declare a law passed by Congress and approved by the President unconstitutional and without effect, 8 . The powers granted to the federal government by the Constitution are great enough to make it strong and able to act vigorously in matters relating to the nation as a whole. Congress has the power to levy taxes, maintain an army and navy, declare war, regulate commerce among the states and with foreign nations, admit new states into the Union, and to do many other things. 9 . The federal courts try all cases arising under the Constitution and under federal laws and treaties. If any state constitution or "state" law is in conflict with the federal Constitution or with any laws or treaties made in accordance with it, the state constitution or law must give way. 10 . A.People would then be subject to two sets of laws, those of the nation and those of the states in which they lived B.The United States Constitution and the laws and treaties made under it are the Supreme Law of the Land C.but the President appoints Supreme Court justices with the consent of the Senate, and they may be removed from office by Congress if they do not behave as they should D.and it goes on to set forth six purposes in the minds of the people in making and adopting the new form of government E.This meeting was the Constitutional Convention, a great turning point in American history F.It provides for a fair trial for persons accused of crimes, and forbids cruel and unusual punishments G.The document was the Constitution of the United States H.The changes have been made in two ways by formal amendment and by interpretation by the Supreme Court I.Before 1788 had ended, the Constitution had been approved in most of the states and in 1789 it went into effect J.Americans made their chief contribution to political science the federal system K.The President's powers include the making of treaties with foreign nations with the consent of the Senate L.The federal government, for example, has no power to pass laws regulating marriage and divorce in the states
1.
E
2.
G
3.
I
4.
D
5.
A
6.
J
7.
L
8.
C
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K
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B
Ⅳ.WORD FORMATIONS Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the bracket. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. (inhabit)The machine lands on a desolate beach where the Time Traveler discovers the only ______ are giant, evil-looking crabs.
2. (world)This has been the dream of many linguists over the centuries, and almost a thousand languages have been invented for this purpose, not to replace the native languages but to provide a second language for ______ communication.
5. (employ)Four out of five U.S. corporations withmore than 500 ______ now offer educational opportunities to workers, and many professional associations have educational programs for their members.
Ⅴ.GAP FILLING The following is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases in the box (there are more words than necessary). Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. immense keep out of share with for in time by so long as against account on interfere In the late nineteenth century Britain 1 foreign politics as much as possible. Europe was divided into two camps: France and Russia in one, Germany, Austria and Italy in the other. Britain favoured the second group 2 France threatened her interests in Africa and the Russians threatened her Indian border. But Germany was growing too strong. The various German states had been united under the King of Prussia after his conquest of France in 1870. He was now Emperor of all Germany. He was Queen Victoria's son-in-law, but his ambitions took no 3 of such a tie. Britain watched him with growing mistrust. The Germans already had the best army in Europe. 4 1901, when Victoria died, they had begun to build a very large navy, Which was not needed to protect their trade. It could only have one purpose, to fight its British rival. Edward Yd had never 5 his mother's faith in the Emperor's goodwill, and Britain now openly made friends with France. She would not make a defence treaty, but she showed that her sympathy would be 6 the French if the Germans attacked them. Plans were made for an army of 150 000 men which would be ready to cross the Channel at a moment's notice. When war came in 1914, this force managed to arrive just 7 to save Paris. Britain had no quarrel with Germany, and public opinion was divided on the question of supporting France. If the Germans had made a direct attack, they might have taken Paris before anyone 8 . But they attacked through Belgium. Their Emperor did not believe that Britain would go to war for "a hit of paper", which was his scornful description of Palmerston's treaty. However, when he attacked Belgium, all Britain united 9 him, and half the nations of the world were soon fighting in the muddy ditches of France. Every part of the Empire immediately joined the British side, and three years later the United States followed their example. When the war was won, both sides had suffered 10 losses. The Empire's forces had lost a million men, and Britain had spent all her wealth.
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kept out of
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so long as
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account
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shared
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with
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in time
8.
interfered
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10.
immense
Ⅵ.SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Read the passage carefully and answer the questions briefly by referring back to Passage Four. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. The Yanomami are a people living in villages between 40 and 250 people in the Venezuelan rain forest. Since the 1960s, Napoleon Chagnon has studied several Yanomami villages, written a widelyread book called The Fierce People about the Yanomami and helped to produce several films about them. Chagnon's writings and films have promoted a long standing view of the Yanomami as exceptionally violent and war-loving. According to Chagnon, about one third of adult Yanomami males die violently, about two thirds of all adults had lost at least one close relative through violence, and over 50 percent had lost two or more close relatives. He has reported that one village was raided 25 times during his first 15 months there. Chagnon provides a sociobological explanation for the fierceness of the Yanomami. He explains that village raids and warfare are carried to obtain wives. Although the Yanomami prefer to marry within their village, there is a shortage of potential brides because the Yanomami practice the killing of female infants, which creates a scarcity of women. While the Yanomami prefer to marry within their own group, taking a wife from another group is preferable to remaining a bachelor. Men in other groups, however, are unwilling to give up their women; hence the necessity for raids. Chagnon also argues that, as successful warriors will be able to gain a wife or more than one wife, they often have more children than unsuccessful ones. Successful warriors, Chagnon suggests, carry a genetic advantage for fierceness, which they pass on to their sons, leading to a high growth rate of groups with violent males through genetic selection for fierceness. Male fierceness, in this view, is biologically determined. Marvin Harris, who has a cultural materialist perspective, says that food scarcity and population in the area are the underlying causes of warfare. The Yanomami lack plentiful sources of meat, which is highly valued. Harris suggests that when hunting in an area was exhausted, the Yanomami would venture into territories of neighboring groups, thus giving rise to conflicts. Such conflicts in turn resulted in high rate of adult male deaths. Combined with the effects of female infant killing, this meat warfare complex kept population growth rate down to a level that the environment could support. In contrast, Patrick Tierney, a journalist, points the finger of blame to a large extent at Chagnon himself. Tierney presents evidence that it was the presence of Chagnon and his team of co-researchers and many boxes of trade goods that triggered a series of deadly raids, for the Yanomami competed with other groups for his trade goods. In addition, Tierney argues that Chagnon intentionally prompted the Yanomami to act fiercely for his films and to stage raids thatactually led to bad feelings where they had not existed before.
1. What is Chagnon's view of the Yanomami? What is his explanation?
Chagnon's writings and films have promoted a long standing view of the Yanomami as exceptionally violent and war-loving. Chagnon provides a social biological explanation for the fierceness of the Yanomami. He explains that village raids and warfare are carried to obtain wives. Although the Yanomami prefer to marry within their village, there is a shortage of potential brides because the Yanomami practice the killing of female infants, which creates a scarcity of women. While the Yanomami prefer to marry within their own group, taking a wife from another group is preferable to remaining a bachelor. Men in other groups, however, are unwilling to give up their women; hence the necessity for raids. Chagnon also argues that, as successful warriors will be able to gain a wife or more than one wife, they often have more children than unsuccessful ones. Successful warriors, Chagnon suggests, carry a genetic advantage for fierceness, which they pass on to their sons, leading to a high growth rate of groups with violent males through genetic selection for fierceness. Male fierceness,in this view, is biologically determined.
2. How do the other researchers look upon Chagnon's view on the Yanomami?
Patrick Tierney, a journalist, points the finger of blame to a large extent at Chagnon himself. Tierney presents evidence that it was the presence of Chagnon and his team of coresearchers and many boxes of trade goods that triggered a series of deadly raids, for the Yanomami competed with other groups for his trade goods. In addition, Tierney argues that Chagnon intentionally prompted the Yanomami to act fiercely for his films and to stage raids that actually led to bad feelings where they had not existed before.
Ⅶ.TRANSLATION The following excerpt is taken from the textbook. Read the paragraph carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. 1 It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. 2 A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. 3 Learning together is a fruitful source of relationship between children and parents. 4 By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this cooperation. 5 Building block toys and jigsaw puzzles and crosswords are good examples.