Ⅰ.CAREFUL READING Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 1 Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language; but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently pronouncing a foreign language is a skill one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself, I think even teachers of language while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel, that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So, there should be occasions, when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place. Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique. It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech, habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students' pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted. But it does not follow that you can teach pronunciation successfully as soon as you have read the necessary hooks. It depends after that what use you make of your knowledge; and this is a matter of technique.
1. What does the writer actually say about pronouncing foreign languages?
A.Only a few people are really proficient.
B.No one is really an expert in the skill.
C.There aren't many people who are even fairly good.
D.There are even some people who are moderately proficient.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。第一段第二句“...but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages”可知很少人能中等程度地精通外语,由此可见确实精通的更少。be proficient at意为“精通,熟练”。答案为C。
2. The best way of learning to speak a foreign language he suggests is by ______.
A.picking it up naturally as a child
B.learning from a native speaker
C.not concentrating on pronunciation as such
D.undertaking systematic work
A B C D
D
[解析] 推理题。从第一段“But I suggest that the fundamental reason...the branch of study concerned with speaking the language”部分可知,人们学不好外语的原因是他们没有注意到学习发音的重要性,即没有进行系统的学习。答案为D。
3. What is it that teachers are said to be inclined to forget?
A.The practical teaching of languages.
B.The importance of a good accent.
C.The principles of phonetic theory.
D.The teaching of pronunciation in the classroom.
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。从第一段“...tend to neglect...the branch of study concerned with speaking the language”一句可知,老师常常忘记教学生发音。答案为D。
4. The value the student puts on correct speech habits depends upon ______.
A.how closely he attends to the matter
B.whether it is English that is being taught
C.his teacher's approach to pronunciation
D.the importance normally given to grammar and spelling
A B C D
C
[解析] 推理题。学生的发音是从老师那里学的,其发音的正确度取决于老师。答案为C。
5. How might the teacher find himself wasting lesson time?
A.By spending lesson time on pronunciation.
B.By making ill-informed comments upon pronunciation.
C.By not using books on phonetics in the classroom.
D.By not giving students a clear mental picture of the difference between sounds.
Passage 2 On days when there is work, I talk to the other guys. Some of them tell me that the harvest season is coming in northern California, and they say that one can earn good money there. Things haven't gone so badly in the car wash, but one afternoon I give the manager my thanks for having hired and promoted me, and with a little suitcase that night I board a Greyhound headed north. My ticket is made out for San Francisco, but I don't plan to go that far. I plan to ride until I had a place where people are harvesting, and to get off the bus there. I sleep on the bus for a few hours that night, and in the morning, when I awake, I don't know where we are. I get up from my seat and walk down the bus aisle, looking for a Mexican or Chicano to tell me our location, but oddly enough I don't see any among the passengers, who are all white-skinned. I pay attention to the road signs we pass, but they are not of much help. I can read the town names, but I don't know where the towns lie. A map would help me, and I decide to buy one at our next stop. Lots of things are for sale at the bus stop's gift shop, but there are no maps. I direct myself towards the shop's operator, but I run into the language barrier. The operator is an Anglo, and when I speak to him in Spanish, he says that he doesn't understand. I try to practice my very precarious English with him, but it's of no use. I have a rough idea of the sound of the words that I want to say, but I can't pronounce them right. I make signs, signaling a big piece of paper and say "from California", but he turns into a question mark, with eyes wide open, arms raised and hands extended. "Map," I say, but I don't pronounce the word very well. "Freeways, streets," I add, but he still doesn't understand. He points out chewing gum, candies, pieces of cake, sandwiches, soft drinks, and cigarettes, trying to guess what I'm asking for. But he doesn't show me any maps. Finally, I back out of the store, and as I leave I hear him say, "I'm sorry." A little before the bus leaves, I run into a Mexican-American in a hallway and I immediately ask him to help me find a map of California. We go back to the store. The Chicano asks for a map. "Ahh! Ahaaa!" the operator exclaims. Then he goes to a corner of his shelves and takes out what I've been asking for. While I am paying him, he talks to the Chicano in a joyful tone. With the map in my hands, I give the Chicano my thanks, and he explains that the store keeper thinks that I am asking if he needs anybody to clean the floor or "mop".
1. The writer decided to leave his job and go to northern California because ______.
Passage 3 Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between nations and that, if countries play games together, they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sport encourages international brotherhood. Apart from tragic incidents involving the murder of athletes, the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by international contests. One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after a hockey final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decision. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents' victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said: "This wasn't hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished." The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years. The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won by a single point, but it was announced that there were still three seconds to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the U.S.A had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. A judging panel debated the matter for four and a half hours without changing the original decision. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals. Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or on non-national teams, might he too much to hope for, but in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.
1. The author cites two examples in the passage to show that ______.
Passage 4 It began as a game: high school and college students studying computer technology figured out they could use personal computers to break into telephone company computers and make free, long-distance telephone calls. These young computer wizards soon gained the nickname "hackers". Police put the collar on a few hackers, but many went on to even more complex hacking. One hacker was arrested for making illegal telephone calls and later used a jailhouse phone to alter a police officer's credit records to get back at the officer for arresting him. The hacker also used a computer to alter his college records to give himself better grades. As hackers gained experience, they began invading computers at banks, airlines and other businesses. In one scheme, a hacker instructed an airline's computer to give him free airplane tickets. The U.S. government is worried hackers may break into its sophisticated networks of defense computer. The government's classified secrets are vulnerable because thousands of government computers are connected by telephone lines that hackers can tap into. In November 1988, a college student tapped into a non classified U.S. Defense Department computer network called Arpanet. The hacker injected a computer program that left copies of itself throughout Arpanet. Some hackers use each "viruses" to destroy all the data in a computer. But in this case, government officials shut down the network before the program reached every computer in the system. Shutting down the system angered many researchers who were using the computers. The hacker turned himself into police and told them how to get his program out of the computer system. He was charged with a crime. The incident put the spotlight on computer hacking in the United States. Many companies have hired experts to protect their computers from hackers, and many computer experts now advise companies on how to protect their computers. The U.S. government believes foreign governments have hired hackers to try to break into top-secret defense computers. It fears a hacker could inject a virus into military computers that would erase all the data during a war. Experts disagree over whether a computer network can ever be safe from hacking. But in the future, some of the most brilliant minds in the U.S. will be working to frustrate the efforts of computer hackers and spies.
1. The main idea of the article is ______.
A.computer hackers only want to make free long distance phone calls
B.the government wants to hire computer hackers to spy on the Russians
C.computer hackers are a threat to private companies and government secrets
D.many companies have hired experts to protect their computers from hackers who carry viruses
A.he knows how to make free long-distance telephone calls
B.vital information is stored in computers, and a hacker knows how to change or erase the information
C.once in jail, he can use a telephone to operate his computer
D.a hacker who steals a free airplane ticket might deprive a doctor of that seat on the airplane
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。“黑客是危险的,原因是什么?”B选项“重要信息储存在电脑中,黑客知道如何改变和删除该信息”,是正确答案。文中第五段提到It fears...during a war;A选项“他知道如何打免费长途电话”;C选项“一旦入狱,他能通过电话操纵电脑”;D选项“偷了免费机票的黑客,能使医生在飞机上没有座位”。答案为B。
4. U.S. government computers are vulnerable to a hacker because ______.
A.the government always pays its telephone bills on time
B.the Russians know what's in the U.S. computers
C.viruses attack only government computers
D.many government computers are connected by telephone lines
Ⅱ.SPEED READING Skim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage 5 Laura House remembers the day with embarrassment. "Mom and I were on our way home after dinner when we stopped at an intersection," she says. "When the light changed, the guy ahead of us was looking at a map of something and didn't move right away. I leaned on my horn and automatically yelled. I didn't even think about what I was doing. Mom's jaw just dropped. She said, 'Well, I guess you've been living in the city too long.' That's when I realized that my anger was out of control." According to Carol Tavris, author of Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion, the keys to dealing with anger are common sense and patience. She points out that almost no situation is improved by an angry outburst. Shouting, fuming, or leaning on the car horn won't make traffic begin to flow, make the screen unlock or make keys appear. Patience, on the other hand, is a highly practical virtue. People who take the time to cool down before responding to an anger producing situation are far less likely to say or do something they will regret later. Anger management therapist Doris Wilde agrees. "Like any feeling, anger lasts only about three seconds," she says. "What keeps it going is your own negative thinking." As long as you focus on the idiot who cut you off on the expressway, you'll stay angry. But if you let the incident go, your anger will go with it. "Once you come to understand that you're driving your own anger with your thoughts," adds Wilde, "you can stop it." Experts who have studied anger also encourage people to cultivate activities that effectively release their anger. For some people, it's reading newspapers or watching TV, while others need more active outlets (发泄渠道), such as taking a walk, hitting golf balls, or working out with a punching bag. People who succeed in calming their anger also enjoy the satisfaction of having dealt positively with their frustrations. For Laura House, her experience in the car with her mother was a wake-up call. "Once I saw what I was doing, it really wasn't that hard to develop different habits. I simply decided I was going to treat other people the way I would want to be treated. I'm a calmer, happier person now," she reports.
2. According to Carol Tavris, anger can be handled effectively ______.
A.by remaining silent
B.by listening to music
C.through games and exercises
D.through common sense and patience
A B C D
D
[解析] Carol Tavris认为,愤怒可以怎样被有效地处理。由第二段开头可知,According to Carol Tavris, the keys to dealing with anger are common sense and patience,故D项正确。答案为D。
3. Doris Wilde believes that people stay angry ______.
A.when traffic on the expressway is heavy
B.when anger-causing incidents are serious
C.because it takes time for them to calm down
D.because they fail to look at things positively
A B C D
D
[解析] Doris Wilde认为人们生气是因为什么。第三段中第二句“Like any feeling, anger lasts only about three seconds,”she says What keeps it going is your own negative thinking。由此说明是因为他们不会积极地看待事情。答案为D。
4. The sentence "if you let the incident go, your anger will go with it" (para. 3) tells us that ______.
A.anger depends on how serious the situation is
B.people get carried away by unpleasant incidents
C.anger disappears when people ignore the incident
D.people won't be angry without anger causing incidents
A B C D
C
[解析] 此句子字面意思是:如果你放手这件事,那么你的怒气也会没有。故C项符合其意思。答案为C。
5. The passage mainly deals with ______.
A.types of anger
B.effects of anger
C.causes of anger
D.management of anger
A B C D
D
[解析] 题干问,这篇文章主要讲的是什么。纵观全文可知,全文主要讲愤怒的管理(控制)。答案为D。
Passage 6 We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as "regular" coffee, and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity, and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while, people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline). The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military? Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to appeal to new market sections. Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets Note, also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.
1. The first paragraph tell us that a new product is ______.
Ⅲ.DISCOURSE CLOZE The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. American society is much more informal than that of many other countries and, in some ways, is characterized by less social distinction. Yet in spite of all the informality, America is not completely without customs that show consciousness of social distinction. For example, 1 . While the informal "Hello" is an acceptable greeting from employee to employer, the employee is more apt to say, "Hello, Mr. Ferguson," whereas the employer may reply, "Hello, Jinx." Southerners make a point of saying "Yes, sir," or "Yes, ma'am," or "No, sir," or "No, ma'am," when talking to an older person or a person in position of authority. Although this is a good form all over the United States, "Yes, Mr. Western" or "No, Mrs. Baker" is somewhat more common in a similar situation in the North or West. 2 . Though people wear hats less now than in the past, women still occasionally wear hats in church and at public social functions (except those that are in the evening). 3 . He opens the door for her and lets her precede him through it. He walks on the side of the walk nearest the street He takes her arm when crossing a street or descending a stairway. 4 , by helping the older person in things requiring physical exertion or involving possible accident. American surface informality often confuses the foreigner because he interprets it to mean no formality at all. 5 . A teacher, though friendly, pleasant, and informal in class, expects students to study hard, and he grades each student's work critically and carefully. He also expects to be treated with respect. Although students are free to ask questions about statements made by the teacher, and may say that they disagree with what he says, 6 Similarly, in boy-girl relationships a foreign student should not mistake the easy relationship and flattery that are part of the dating pattern in the United States, nor presume that it means more than it does. Also, because an American is perhaps more likely to admit and laugh at his own mistakes than one who stands more on his dignity, 7 . The American is quite ready to admit certain weaknesses such as "I never was good at mathematics." "I'm a rotten tennis player." or "I'm the world's worst bridge player." However, the stranger must not be too quick to agree with him. Americans think it is all right, even sporting, to admit a defect in themselves, 8 . A part of American idea of good sportsmanship is the point of being generous to a loser. This attitude is carried over into matters that have nothing to do with competition. If a man talks about his weak points, the listener says something in the way of encouragement, or points to other qualities in which the speaker excels. An American student reports that when he was in a foreign country he was completely stunned when he said to a native, "I don't speak your language very well." and the native replied, "I should say you don't." In a similar situation an American would have commented, "Well, you have only been here two months." or " 9 ." Although Americans are quite informal, it is best for a foreigner, in case of doubt, to be too formal rather than not formal enough. 10 . A.it is their custom to show certain modesty in reply to compliments B.In America there are still customs by which a man may show respect for a woman C.one is likely to use somewhat more formal language when talking to superiors D.He does not understand the point at which informality stops E.But you're making progress F.but they feel that it is almost an insult to have someone else agree G.Certain other forms of politeness are observed on social occasions H.they are not expected to contradict him I.I'm glad you like it J.a foreigner sometimes does not know how to handle the American's apparent modesty K.Consideration for others is the basis of all courtesy L.A younger person also shows respect for an older one in much the same fashion
1.
C
2.
G
3.
B
4.
L
5.
D
6.
H
7.
J
8.
F
9.
E
10.
K
Ⅳ.WORD FORMATIONS Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the bracket. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. (mud)Just in time for tea, and don't they look as if they were ______ up to the eyes!
Ⅴ.GAP FILLING The following is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases in the box (there are more words than necessary). attribute say countless creation established understand see particular about recognize among or Five thousand years ago a story which 1 of the creation of this world in seven days was common among all the people of western Asia. And this was the Jewish version of it. They vaguely 2 the making of the land and of the sea and of the trees and the flowers and the birds and of man and woman to their different gods. But it happened that the Jews were the first among all people to 3 the existence of One Single God. Afterwards, when we come to talk of the days of Moses, we shall tell you how this came 4 . In the beginning, however, the 5 Semitic tribe which later was to develop into the Jewish nation, worshipped several divinities, just as all their neighbors had done before them for 6 ages. The stories of the creation, however, which we find in The Old Testament, were written more than a thousand years after the death of Moses, when the idea One God had been accepted by the Jews as an absolutely 7 fact, and when doubt of His Existence meant exile 8 death. You will now 9 how the poet who gave unto the Hebrew people their final version of the beginning of all things, came to describe the gigantic labour of 10 as the sudden expression of one single and all mighty will, and as the work of their own tribal God, whom they called Jehovah, or the Ruler of the High Heavens.
1.
told
2.
attributed
3.
recognize
4.
about
5.
particular
6.
countless
7.
established
8.
or
9.
understand
10.
creation
Ⅵ.SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Read the passage carefully and answer the questions briefly by referring back to Passage Four. Write your answers, on the ANSWER SHEET. It began as a game: high school and college students studying computer technology figured out they could use personal computers to break into telephone company computers and make free, long-distance telephone calls. These young computer wizards soon gained the nickname "hackers". Police put the collar on a few hackers, but many went on to even more complex hacking. One hacker was arrested for making illegal telephone calls and later used a jailhouse phone to alter a police officer's credit records to get back at the officer for arresting him. The hacker also used a computer to alter his college records to give himself better grades. As hackers gained experience, they began invading computers at banks, airlines and other businesses. In one scheme, a hacker instructed an airline's computer to give him free airplane tickets. The U.S. government is worried hackers may break into its sophisticated networks of defense computer. The government's classified secrets are vulnerable because thousands of government computers are connected by telephone lines that hackers can tap into. In November 1988, a college student tapped into a non classified U.S. Defense Department computer network called Arpanet. The hacker injected a computer program that left copies of itself throughout Arpanet. Some hackers use each "viruses" to destroy all the data in a computer. But in this case, government officials shut down the network before the program reached every computer in the system. Shutting down the system angered many researchers who were using the computers. The hacker turned himself into police and told them how to get his program out of the computer system. He was charged with a crime. The incident put the spotlight on computer hacking in the United States. Many companies have hired experts to protect their computers from hackers, and many computer experts now advise companies on how to protect their computers. The U.S. government believes foreign governments have hired hackers to try to break into top-secret defense computers. It fears a hacker could inject a virus into military computers that would erase all the data during a war. Experts disagree over whether a computer network can ever be safe from hacking. But in the future, some of the most brilliant minds in the U.S. will be working to frustrate the efforts of computer hackers and spies.
1. What kind of things does a hacker do? In what ways are hackers harmful to the network security?
Hackers break into telephone company computers and make free, long-distance telephone calls, and once experienced ones can invade computers at banks, airlines and other businesses to steal or alter the stored information. This can cause serious problems to both the government and the public.
2. What threat have hackers posed to the American government? How the government deal with these problems?
The U.S. government is worried hackers may break into its sophisticated networks of defense computers. The government's classified secrets are vulnerable because thousands of government computers are connected by telephone lines that hackers can tap into. It fears the hired hackers might inject a virus into military computer that would erase all the data during a war. The government has decided to gather some experts who are the most brilliant minds in the U.S. to work together in confronting the attacks from computer hackers and spies.
Ⅶ.TRANSLATION The following excerpt is taken from the textbook. Read the paragraph carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. 1 And speaking of freedom is not the author free, as few men are free? Is he not secure, as few men are secure? The tools of his industry are so common and so cheap that they have almost ceased to have commercial value. He needs no balky pile of raw material, no elaborate apparatus, no service of men or animals. 2 He is dependent for his occupation upon no one but himself, and nothing outside him that matters. He is the sovereign of an empire, self-supporting, self-contained. No one can sequestrate his estates. 3 No one can deprive him of his stock in trade; no one can force him to exercise his faculty against his will; no one can prevent him exercising it as he chooses. The pen is the great liberator of men and nations. No chains can bind, no poverty can choke, no tariff can restrict the free play of his mind, and even the Times Book Club can only exert a moderately depressing influence upon his rewards. 4 Whether his work is good or bad, so long as he does his best. he is happy. I often fortify myself amid the uncertainties and vexations of political life by believing that I possess a line of retreat into a peaceful and fertile country where no rascal can pursue and where one need never be dull or idle or ever wholly without power. 5 It is then, indeed, that I feel devoutly thankful to have been born fond of writing. It is then, indeed, that I feel grateful to all the brave and generous spirits who, in every age and in every land, have fought to establish the now unquestioned freedom of the pen.