Ⅰ.重写句子Rewrite each of the following sentences according to the requirement in brackets.1. The course was not very difficult but I didn't receive a high grade. (periodic sentence)
Although I didn't receive a high grade, the course was not very difficult.
[解析] 所谓掉尾句,是指只有读到句子末尾,才能明白整个句子意思的一种句子类型。大多数的松散句,都可以通过把状语或状语从句移至句首的方法来改成掉尾句。本题在改动时应先将but改为连词although用以引导让步状语从句,再将此从句移至句首。译文:虽然我没有得到高分,但课程并不难。
2. I never saw him again. I never heard from him again. (compound sentence)
I never saw him again, nor did I hear from him again.
[解析] 原句是两个简单句,简单句合并成并列句通常由逗号加一个连接同连接而成,本题即属于这种情况。需要注意的是原句都是表否定意义的句子,并且两句之间是并列关系,故连接词用nor(注:由nor引导的句子要采用倒装语序)。
3. Tom is an excellent student. Even Tom could not work out the math problem. (simple sentence)
Tom, an excellent student, could not work out the maths problem.
[解析] 原句是两个简单句,要求合并成一个简单句。简单句一般只有一个主语和一个动词结构,故需把一个句子缩减放入另一个句子中,并且不能占据另一个句子的主谓语成分。本题中,an excellent student作新句子主语的同位语。译文:即便是汤姆,这个优秀的学生,也解不出这道数学题。
4. Mary went to the store. Julie went to the store. Marie went to the store. (one simple sentence)
Mary, Julie, and Marie went to the store.
[解析] 简单句也可以有两个或两个以上的主语或谓语动词。本题原句是三个简单句,主语不同,谓语相同,在合并成新简单句时,只需对主语部分进行合并即可。
5. It was a poor quarter. There were a lot of small huts. They had mud wall and straw roof. They dotted the hillside. (long sentence)
A lot of small huts with mud wall and straw roof dotted the hillside in the poor quarter.
[解析] 本题是考查将几个独立短句合并成一个长句的能力。(1)将短句合并为长句,首先,要选定短句中的一句作为合并后的长句的主干;然后,再根据实际情况,用并列连词、从属连词、非谓语动词形式、介词短语或名词性从句等将其他短句变为主干句的修饰成分即可。(2)本题中,选定的主干句是:They dotted the hillside.然后再应用介词短语,将其他几个短句变为主干句的修饰成分即可。
6. A burglar stole into the Davis' house last night. The front door was unlocked. (complex sentence)
A burglar stole into the Davis' house last night because the front door was unlocked.
[解析] 原句是两个简单句,要求是将它们变成复合句。复合句是含有从句和主句的句子,主句部分常常是一句话的中心所在。从句部分由从属连词引导。原句中两句之间是因果关系,故选用连词because。译文:昨晚一个盗贼偷偷进了戴维斯的家,因前面的门没有锁。
7. There was smoke coming from apartment 2. The manager didn't seem concerned. (compound sentence)
There was smoking coming from apartment 2, but the manager didn't seem concerned.
[解析] 原句是两个简单句,要求变为并列句。并列句通常由逗号加一个并列连接词连接而成。原句两句话之间是转折关系,二单元有烟出来本应引起经理的注意,但经理并未注意,故选用but。
8. Students wish to park in the campus parking lots. They must pay for the permit. The campus police will tag their cars. (compound-complex sentence)
If students wish to park in the campus parking lots, they must pay for the permit, or the campus police will tag their cars.
[解析] 本题考查对compound-complex sentence的掌握和运用。(1)了解并列复合句的构成:并列复合句可以是一个简单句与一个主从复合句用并列连接词连接起来的,也可以是两个主从复合句的并列;(2)题目原句中的三个句子都是简单句,要想使之成为一个并列复合句,就必须先将其中的两个简单句合成为一个复合句,然后将之再和第三个简单句用并列连词连接。这样就合成了并列复合句。先将第一、二句用从属连词“if”连接成为complex sentence(复合句),再将之用并列连词“or”与第三句并列即可。
9. The economy of Texas is strong. It is also varied. (parallel structure)
The economy of Texas is strong and varied.
[解析] 原句是两个简单句,在变为平行结构时,首先应注意将哪些部分平行。从题目不难看出前后两句的主语和谓语相同,所不同的是表语部分,改为并列结构时要将表语部分并列;故只需将第二个形容词varied与第一句话中的strong并列,中间加入连词and即可。
10. You must take exercise every day to preserve your health. (compound sentence)
You must take exercise every day or you won't preserve your health.
[解析] 原句是一个简单句,要求变为一个并列句。并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句合并而成,并且这几部分在句子的的分量相当,中间连接它们的通常是并列连词。本题难点在于原句并不是两个简单句而是一个简单句,需要考生根据句子内部逻辑关系来判断。原句含有一个不定式表目的。在变为并列句时根据句意可将此部分转化为由or引导的并列句。
Ⅱ.修改病句Correct the errors in the following sentences.1. Daisy was an adult, married, and had a young daughter.
Daisy was a married adult, and had a young daughter.
[解析] 本题目考查对错误平行结构(faulty parallelism)的识别和修正。(1)了解错误平行结构产生的原因:平行结构(parallelism)是把两个或两个以上意思并列的成分用同等语法形式来表达,如果意思上并列的成分用不同的语法形式来表达,就破坏了其平行结构;(2)either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also,both...and等关联并列连接词(correlative conjunction)用于连接意思并列的成分,所以每个连词后所跟的成分必须有相同的语法形式;(3)题目原句中连词and后是动词+形容词+宾语的动宾结构,根据相关要求,and前也应该是动词+形容词+宾语的结构,故而该为was a married adult。
2. She paid five dollars for a dress at the county fair that she wanted.
At the county fair, she paid five dollars for a dress that she wanted.
[解析] 本题是考查对错置修饰语(misplaced modifiers)的识别和修正。(1)修饰语(主要是定语和状语)应当与被修饰的成分相邻(定语)或是尽可能地接近(状语),若打破这一规则,句子就可能产生歧义。(2)题目中的定语从句(that she wanted)所修饰的应该是dress而不是county fair,根据相关原则,把at the county fair置于全句之首,既保证了定语从句和其先行词的紧密相接,又符合地点状语前置的表达方式。
3. Glancing out of the window, a beautiful view attracted my attention.
Glancing out of the window, I was attracted by a beautiful view.
[解析] 本题是考查对垂悬修饰语(dangling modifier)的识别和修正。(1)了解垂悬修饰语的特点:修饰语在句中找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象。分词结构、不定式结构和介词短语做修饰语修饰句子时,易发生垂悬修饰现象;(2)修正时,可调整句子的主语,使之与上述结构或短语的逻辑主语一致;也可将分词结构、不定式结构或介词短语带上自己的逻辑主语,将其扩展成从句;(3)原句中做修饰语的分词结构Glancing out of the window的逻辑主语与句子主语a beautiful view不一致,所以可将句子主语调整为I,或将句子主语保持不变,使Glancing out of the window带上自己的逻辑主语。
4. Sam is planning a weekend trip to Buffalo before he moves to California, he will not see his parents before the next year.
Sam is planning a weekend trip to Buffalo before he moves to California, for he will not his parents before the next year.
[解析] 本题是考查对串句(run-on sentence)的识别与修正。(1)任何两个分句之间,都应该有表明分句之间关系的连接词(并列连词或从属连词),否则,就形成了串句;(2)改正串句的方法并非是惟一的,我们可以根据分句之间的关系,加入适当的连词,也可以改变标点符号,将每一个分句写为独立完整的句子;(3)题目中前后两个分句是因果关系,所以加入并列连词for使原句成为一个并列句。也可将句中的逗号改为句号,或是用because取代句中的逗号等。
5. You must make your car payment on time. So you will have to pay additional interest.
You must make your car payment on time. Otherwise, you will have to pay additional interest.
[解析] 本题是考查对破句(fragmentary sentence)的识别和修正。(1)了解破句的特点:把句子的一部分(包括非谓语动词结构、并列句或是复合句中的一个分句、介词短语等)当成了一个句子。英语中一个完整的句子通常必须至少要包含“主语+谓语”结构,否则就是破句(fragmentary sentence);(2)题目中是把并列句当中的一个分句So you will have to pay additional interest.当成了一个完整的句子。
Ⅲ.辨认主题句2. Read the following paragraph and write the topic sentence on the Answer Sheet.
The young have some notable qualities of their own. They have a strong passion for learning and are always posing questions about things that the old take for granted. They are sensitive to the ills of our society and are always ready to do something to change them. But they are poorly equipped to cope with the problems they meet. They see much that is wrong with the lives of their parent generation. In their efforts to add more meaning and colour to their lives, they keep trying new ideas and new ways of doing things.
The young have some notable qualities of their own.
[解析] 英文中一个主体段落的结构常常是开篇点题(主题句),中间阐述(主要和次要推展句),最后总结(结论句)。段落要阐述的中心内容,作者一般会将其列为首句;在一些情况下(如强调或得出逻辑结论),作者可能会在最后阐明段落主旨;段落主旨出现在文中的现象则属少见。本段第一句话开篇即点题,论述年轻人有一些他们自己的显著特征。接下来二至六句分别从年轻人好学好问,对社会关心,不擅长解决问题,反对因循守旧,喜欢尝试新鲜事物等多个并列的方面对首句概括的要旨进行了分项阐述。所以本题的标题句为第一句。
Ⅳ.重新组合段落1. Rearrange the following sentences so that they read logically. Write the corresponding letters in a proper sequence on the Answer Sheet. The positions of some sentences have been given.
A. From high above the Earth and from the Moon, the planet gleams and shines.
B. It is the reason that people can live on this planet.
C. Water is in rock deep under the ground, in natural holding area—in shortage. In a real sense, water keeps the Earth alive.
D. The blue water in the ocean and the sea of the Earth makes a dramatic image.
E. Water is everywhere, it is in the air that people breathe; it is in the soil, and the ground that people cultivate.
F. Water is the source of this beauty and the source of life on the Earth.
G. Earth looks like a big blue marble.
H. The white clouds above the Earth add beauty to the picture.
[解析] 本题考查的是段落的连贯性。连贯性和语言表达的形式相关,指的是一个句子能自然地过渡到下一个句子。既指句与句之间的联系,又指整个段落的组织。在一个段落中,句子与句子之间有一种自然的逻辑关系。段落中的每一个句子,都是前一个句子的某种逻辑归宿与承诺,从而使整个段落浑然一体。做到句与句之间连贯性较好,经常采用下面的几种方法:(1)使用代词。大部分代词是用来替代前面出现的名词的。写作中使用代词可以避免重复,使文章简洁。它们往往是前指的,也就是说,上下两个句子,如果下句出现的代词是代指上句出现的名词,这样就为我们提供了两句间的先后关系和逻辑关系;(2)重复核心词和短语。词汇手段也是达到段落连贯性的手段之一。经常重复核心词和短语,使读者注意到文章的中心所在。这里重复的词汇可能是以多种形式出现的;(3)正确使用过渡词。正确使用关联词可以大大提高段落的连贯性。像是first,second,next,for example等连接词,它们就像路标一样指引读者沿着作者的思路顺利阅读下去。解答这类问题首先应该读懂各句,在读的过程中就要开动脑筋,思考各句之间的关系。然后再根据前面所学有关连贯性的表达标志来做出判断。解答类似题目,找出第一句很关键。在寻找第一句时,应该先将提示的即给出的连续三句划出,推敲其他五句。根据我们所学的知识,段落的主题句往往出现在段落的第一句。这样我们就可以利用段落主题句的知识来判断哪一句可能是第一句。大家注意,这里讲的是一种最大可能性,而不是绝对。有时主题句出现在第二句,那么第一句应该是比较宽泛的论述。然后利用其他三个手段来定位句子之间的先后关系。
Ⅴ.划掉与段落内容无关的句子1. Read the following paragraph and write the TWO irrelevant sentences on the Answer Sheet.
"Thank you" is used much more frequently in the West than in China. When anyone does something for you, no matter how small and no matter whether he is a superior or a servant, it is proper to say "Thank you". It is important for a person to hold good manners anywhere or anytime both in China and the west. Good manners is one of the traditional virtues of Chinese. For example, you would say "Thank you" in any of the following circumstances: if someone picked up and handed to you something you had dropped; if your neighbor at table or a servant passed some food to you; if someone showed you the way to go; if a member of the family, even if quite young, brought you something you wanted; if the postman handed you a letter; if a clerk in a store handed you the article you had bought. When anything is offered to you, it is not polite to say, "I don't want it", as Chinese manners would allow. You should say, "Yes, thank you," if you wish it; or "No, thank you," if you refuse it. So, as college students, we should keep the "Thank you" in our minds and practice it over and over.
1. It is important for a person to hold good manners anywhere or anytime both in China and the west. 2. Good manners is one of the traditional virtues of Chinese. 3. For example, you would say "Thank you" in any of the following circumstances.
[解析] 本题考查的是考生对统一性的掌握。统一性就是指段落中所有的句子都要和主题句相关,都围绕主题句展开,不允许出现和主题无关的句子。即所写的文章紧扣主题。要求作者切记文章的题目和写作目标,写出的句子都必须为段落的中心思想服务。因此,首要任务是找出段落的主题句。再去分析其他各句是否是对主题句的阐述和说明,这样就不难找出与主题无关的句子了。通读全段我们知道段落主题句是When anyone does something for you, no matter how small and no matter whether he is a superior or a servant, it is proper to say "Thank you".而后面有三个主要推展句,分别说明了:(1)在什么情况下,应该说:“Thank you”;(2)如果想接受别人提供的东西时,怎样说“Thank you”;(3)如果不想接受别人提供的东西时,怎样说“Thank you”。这三个句子都是围绕主题句并在进一步说明主题句的例子。很明显,第3、4句是多余的,是与主题句无关的。最后一句看上去好像是对前面的例子的概括和升华,实际上是既非推展句也非结论句,所以也是多余的。
Ⅵ.写信1. You (Karl) want to invite Mike and his wife (Nancy) to spend the weekend of July 20th together at Park Beach. Write a letter within 150—200 words to invite them, your letter should include the following points:
(1)Tell them that the Turners will be there, too.
(2)What will be your plan?
(3)Ask him to bring his tennis racquet.
(4)Tell them the train timetable.
July 11th
Dear Mike,
I hope you and Nancy don't have any plan for the weekend of July 20th, because we'd like you to spend it with us at Park Beach. The ocean is beautiful at this time of the year.
The Turners will be also there. It has been quite some time since we have all been together.
There, we will enjoy ourselves in swimming, volleyball playing as well as picnics, and Mr. Turner would like to play a game of tennis with you, so be sure to bring your tennis racquet. There is a very proper train on Friday night, and I marked it in red on the timetable. You can get a later train back on Saturday night.
Be sure to let us know if you can come. We are looking forward to seeing you again.
Sincerely,
Karl
[解析] 本题考查信件的格式及各类信件的写作。信件写作是每年必考的题型之一,而且分值较高,应该引起大家的重视。从2000年以来,先后考过了求职信、感谢信、邀请信、抱怨信等,可以说几种信件类型同等重要,大家复习时不能偏好,应该扎实掌握各类信件的基本句型和格式。
考生在复习时,要注意一些常见的表达兴趣、感谢、祝贺、抱怨、期望,表达附带简历的句型,这就要求考生要认真阅读课本例子,甚至要背诵一些其中较为固定的表达。有时,试题中会要求将几种类型的信件结合起来,例如先感谢后邀请,这时大家要根据要求所列要点,灵活写作。
具体考试时,要认真审题,看清所写信件类型,明白写作目的。认真阅读题目,找出信件的内容细节,不能漏掉。列出大纲要点,然后写作。格式要准确,目的表达要明确,内容要完全,这三点完备,就能写出好文章。
1)信件的格式。
a.信头(Heading)。
信头指的是写信人的详细地址和写信日期,一般写在第一页的左上角。如果所用信纸上印有,就可以省略;私人信件往往只写日期。信头地址单位要从小到大排列,一定要写邮政编码。要留出约3厘米的边距。
b.信内地址(The inside address)。
信内地址指的是收信人的详细地址,位置在左边称谓的上方。
c.称谓(The salutation)。
称谓是对收信人的称呼,和他打招呼。它在信内地址下空两行。称谓后跟逗号(美国)或是冒号(英国)。私人信件一般用Dear+姓的格式。商业信件比较正式,一般用Dear+Mr./Mrs./Ms./Miss+名的形式,如Dear Mr. Hamilton。如果收件人不明确,可以用Dear Colleague,Dear Sir/Dear Madam/Dear Sir or Madam;To whomever it may concern:只用于推荐信和证明书。
d.正文(The body)。
正文是信件的主体部分,指的是正文的段落,它有两种形式,齐头式和缩进式,齐头式比较常用。
e.结束语(Complimentary close)。
结束语的表达很多,要根据和收信人的关系来确定。商务信件常用结束语有:Sincerely yours,Sincerely,Cordially yours,Yours sincerely,Yours truly,Yours cordially,Very truly yours;私人信件常用结束语有:Love,Yours,As ever,Fondly,Sincerely,Affectionately,With love,Yours with love,Best wishes,With best wishes,Yours truly,Sincerely yours,Yours sincerely。第一个字母要大写,后面用逗号。位置在左边,正文最后一行后空两行。
f.签名(Signature)。
私人信件比较随便,视人际关系而定。商务信件签名必须是全名(手写),底下是打印全名。信内附件,写上“Enclosure”或是“Encl”,位置在左边签名的下方,中间空一行。附言用P. S表示,位置在左边,签名下方空两行。
g.信封(The Envelope)。
写信人地址在左上角,收信人地址在中间。
2)本文要求写的是一封邀请函,在注意到书信的通用格式的基础上,还要把握此类信函的结构内容和常用的句式结构。现列举如下:
(Invitation Letter)
第一段,开头,可根据不同情况,表达对对方的思念、赞美等,并代表某一单位或个人,向某人发出正式邀请。
第二段,有关邀请事项的细节安排如活动时间、地点、流程等。
结尾,期盼回复,表达希望受邀人到达的愿望,附件日程安排等。
常用句式结构:
I am on the behalf of...to invite you in doing...Would you care...?
If you have no other plan on..., we'd like to invite you for...
Peter and I will be pleased if you and Nancy would have dinner with us at home on Wednesday.
It would be an honor to me if you would accept our invitation.