[解析] Associative meaning is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc.联想意义易受文化、经历、宗教、地域、阶级背景、教育等因素的影响。答案为C。
2. ______ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.
3. In many cases, the appreciative or pejorative meanings of the words are brought out in ______.
A.language
B.context
C.tense
D.education
A B C D
B
[解析] In many cases,the appreciative or pejorative meanings of the words are brought out in context. 在很多情况下,词的褒义或贬义会在语境中显现出来。答案为B。
4. Which of the following statements is not true?______
A.Connotative meaning refers to associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.
B.Stylistic meaning accounts for the formality of the word concerned.
C.Affective meaning is universal to all men alike.
D.Denotative meaning can always be found in the dictionary.
A B C D
C
[解析] 内涵意义是指由概念意义所暗示的言外之意或联想意义,A正确。文体意义是指词的正式程度,B正确。Affective meaning indicates the speaker's attitude towards the person or thing in question.感情意义显示了言者对于正在讨论的人或事的态度,C错误。答案为C。
5. Collocation can affect ______.
A.the meaning of words
B.the structure of sentences
C.the spelling of words
D.the function of words
A B C D
A
[解析] green(绿色)是一种颜色,但当其出现于像green on the job(在那项工作上是生手)、green fruit(未成熟的果实)、green with envy(妒忌得眼睛发红)及green-eyed monster(妒忌的魔鬼)等短语中,其意义明显受到了影响。答案为A。
6. "One is filled with ambition usually works hard". "The reactionary's chief ambition is to become the emperor". The affective meanings of the two sentences individually are: ______.
7. It is noticeable that ______ overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.
A.conceptual meaning
B.grammatical meaning
C.lexical meaning
D.collocative meaning
A B C D
D
[解析] It is again noticeable that collocative meaning overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations. 值得注意的是因为某种意义上说文体和感情意义都是通过搭配来揭示的,所以搭配意义与文体意义及感情意义发生了重叠。答案为D。
Ⅱ.
1. A word is the ______ of form and meaning.
combination
[解析] 词是形式和意义的什么?A word is the combination of form and meaning.答案为combination。
2. By the form of the word we mean both its ______ and spelling.
pronunciation
[解析] 我们所说的形式是指词的什么和拼写?By the form we mean both its pronunciation and meaning.答案为pronunciation。
3. Reference is the ______ between language and the world.
relationship
[解析] 所指是语言与周围世界的什么?Reference is the relationship between language and the world.答案为relationship。
4. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is ______ and conventional.
arbitrary
[解析] 词对语言以外的事物的指称是什么样的和约定俗成的?The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.答案为arbitrary。
5. In many cases meaning is used in the sense of "______".
concept
[解析] 在许多情况下,“意义”在使用中作什么讲?In many cases meaning is used in the sense of "concept".答案为concept。
6. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not
identical
[解析] 意义和概念有紧密的联系,但并不怎么样?Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical.答案为identical。
7. The synonymous pair "die-pass away" has the same ______ but different stylistic values.
8. The connection of the sign and meaning does not have a logical explanation. That is to say most words are ______.
non-motivated
[解析] 符号和意义之间并没有逻辑上的理解性。也就是说多数词都是什么样的?Most words can be said to be non-motivated. That is, the connection of the sign and meaning does not have a logical explanation.答案为non-motivated。
9. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds and noises.
meanings
[解析] 在现代英语中,人们可能发现有些词的声音暗示了其什么,因为这些词是通过模仿自然声音创造出来的。In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their meanings, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds and noises.答案为meanings。
10. ______ motivation means the words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.
11. ______ motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.
Semantic
[解析] 由词的概念意义所暗示的联系意义叫做什么理据?Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.答案为Semantic。
12. Functional words such as prepositions, conjunctions, though having little lexical meaning, possess strong ______ meaning.
grammatical
[解析] 诸如介词,连词等功能词尽管词汇意义很弱,但拥有很强的什么意义?Functional words such as prepositions, conjunctions, though having little lexical meaning, possess strong grammatical meaning.答案为grammatical。
13. Lexieal meaning has conceptual meaning and ______ meaning.
associative
[解析] 词汇意义包括概念意义和什么意义?Lexical meaning has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning。答案为associative。
14. Words such as "vicious, tyrant, determined, famous, notorious" usually indicate the speaker's attitude towards the person or thing in question. They have ______ meaning in themselves.
affective
[解析] 什么意义显示了言者对于正在讨论的人或事的态度?Affective meaning indicates the speaker's attitude towards the person or thing in question.答案为affective。
15. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its ______.
collocation
[解析] 搭配意义由一个词在其什么中所获得的联想所组成?Collective meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.答案为collocation。
Ⅲ.
1. motivation
Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.
2. onomatopoeic motivation
Onomatopoeic motivation explains the words whose sounds suggest their meaning, because these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.
3. morphological motivation
Morphological motivation concerns the words whose morphological structures suggest their meaning, for generally speaking, the meaning of a derived word or a compound is based on the meanings of the word-building elements.
4. semantic motivation
Semantic motivation is the mental associations based on the conceptual meaning of a word, i.e. the figurative sense of a word suggested by the literal sense.
5. grammatical meaning
Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meanings of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.
6. appreciative
The appreciative are words which have positive overtones to show one's appreciation or the attitude of approval.
Ⅳ.
1. What is reference?
Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. In other words only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent does the sign become meaningful. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.
2. What is the relationship between meaning and concept?
Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. Therefore, a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.
3. How do you interpret the four types of motivations?
Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. There are four types of motivations: (1)Onomatopoeic motivation: In modern English, there are some words whose sounds suggest their meanings, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. For example, bow-wow, bang and the like are onomatopoetically motivated words. (2) Morphological motivation: Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. Quite often, if one knows the meaning of each morpheme, one can figure out the meaning of the word, e.g. airmail means to "mail by air". (3)Semantic motivation: It refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. For example, when we use the foot of the mountain, we are comparing the lower part of the mountain to the foot of a human being. (4)Etymological motivation. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. All the words commonized from proper nouns can be interpreted in terms of their origins.
4. Does motivation contradict the theory of "arbitrariness and conventionality" concerning the relationship between linguistic symbols and their senses? Why?
No. Because motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbols and their meaning. But since the relationship between the word-form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary, words should be non-motivated. Nevertheless, many words are motivated to a certain extent in terms of sound, morphology, semantics, and etymology.
5. Some people hold that Shakespeare is more difficult to read than contemporary writings. Do you agree or disagree to this comment? State your reason(s) with at least three examples.
I agree to this comment. Shakespeare is more difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different senses from what they have now in contemporary daily life. Take his well-known play Hamlet as an example. Rival means "partner" as in "The rivals of my watch, bid them make hasten"; jump means "just" as in "Thus-twice before, and jump at this dead hour"; vulgar means "common" as in "as common as any the most vulgar thing to sense"; censure means "opinion" as in "Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgement".
6. What is grammatical meaning of a word? Give an example to illustrate your point.
Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatial concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. For example, forget (base verb), forgets(3rd person singular form), forgot(past form), forgotten(present perfect form) and forgetting (progressive form).
7. What is affective meaning? What are words with positive or negative emotive values used to denote?
Affective meaning indicates the speaker's attitude towards the person or thing in conversation. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciative or the attitude of approval; those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.
8. What is colloeative meaning? Give one example to illustrate your point.
Collacative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, "pretty" and "handsome" share the conceptual meaning of "good looking", but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with.
It may be noted that there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words, e.g. pretty woman and handsome woman. Though both are perfectly correct, yet they suggest a different kind of attractiveness. A pretty woman stresses the attractiveness of facial features while a handsome woman may not be facially beautiful yet is attractive in other respects., a slender figure, posture, behaviour, etc.
Ⅴ.
1. The "pen" is mightier than the "sword". Explain what "pen" and "sword" mean respectively using the theory of motivation.
(1)Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. (2)Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. In this sentence, "pen" reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; "sword" reminds one of the weapon to fight with, thus suggesting war.
What connotations do you think the word atomic might have for each of the following people?
2. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power.
For this scientist, the connotation of the word "atomic" might be "relating to atomic energy".
3. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima.
For the Japanese resident of Hiroshima, the connotation of "atomic" might be "suffering, killing, death, horror".
4. A student of nuclear physics.
For the student of nuclear physics, the connotation of "atomic" might be "mystery, science, knowledge".