11. In the idiom "in good feather", we change "good" into "high, full" without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as ______.
A.addition
B.replacement
C.position-shifting
D.variation
A B C D
B
[解析] In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech, resulting in synonymous or antclnymous idioms. 在有些习语中,其中的一个成分可能被统一词性的词所替代,结果导致同义或反义习语的产生。答案为B。
12. What figure of speech is applied in the following idioms? A world of trouble and a flood of tears.______
A.hyperbole.
B.metonymy.
C.deletion.
D.personification.
A B C D
A
[解析] a world of trouble意为“很多麻烦”,a flood of tears意为“泪水如注”,这两个习语都是以夸张的方式表现出来的,因此运用了夸张手法,即hyperbole。答案为A。
13. The change of idiom "velvet paws" from the original form is ______.
14. Jack of all trades belong to which kind of variation of idioms?______
A.Replacement.
B.Deletion.
C.Shortening.
D.Dismembering.
A B C D
C
[解析] Jack of all trades是Jack of all trades and master of none. 的缩略形式,表示“杂而不精的人;三脚猫”。因此这一习语属于习语大缩略变异形式。答案为C。
15. The change of idiom "A round peg in the squarest of holes" from the original form is ______.
A.dismembering
B.position-shifting
C.addition
D.shortening
A B C D
A
[解析] 支解(dismembering)是指把原习语完全打乱,使其支离破碎。A round peg in the squarest of holes是a square peg in a round hole的变体,目的是强调“此人根本不适合该项工作”这个意思。答案为A。
Ⅱ.
1. Idioms consist of set ______ and short sentences.
phrases
[解析] 习语由固定的短语和短句组成,故应填phrases。答案为phrases。
2. The characteristics of idioms include semantic ______ and structural stability.
unity
[解析] 英语习语的特点是语义的什么和结构的稳定?The characteristics of idioms include semantic unity and structural stability. 答案为unity。
3. In a broad sense, idioms may include colloquialisms, ______, slang expressions, proverbs, etc.
catchphrases
[解析] 从广义上讲,习语可以包括口语词、什么、俚语、谚语等?In a broad sense, idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions, proverbs, etc. 答案为catchphrases。
4. The word order of idioms can't be ______ or changed.
inverted
[解析] 习语的语序不能怎么样或改变?The word order cannot be inverted or changed. 答案为inverted。
5. Due to structural ______ of idioms, the word order of the idiom "by twos and threes" cannot be turned into "by threes and twos".
stability
[解析] 习语结构的稳定性(structural stability)包含三个方面,其中第二方面是指习语的语序不能倒装或是改变。例如,by twos and threes(两三个一次)和tit for tat(针锋相对)不能被转变为by threes and twos和tat for tit。答案为stability。
6. The characteristic of idioms—______ unity can be reflected by the understanding of such idiom as "rain cats and dogs."
semantic
[解析] 习语的语义整体性也可体现在每个词的字面意义和习语意义之间不合逻辑的关系中。很多习语是无法从语义上解释的。rain cats and dogs用作表示“倾盆大雨”,而从字面意义上理解则是不通的。答案为semantic。
7. Many idioms are grammatically ______.
unanalysable
[解析] 很多习语语法上是不可什么的?Many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. 答案为unanalysable。
8. Idioms nominal in nature have a noun as the ______ word in each idiom.
key
[解析] 名词性习语在句中作名词,而且有一个名词充当什么作用?Idioms nominal in nature have a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences. 答案为key。
9. Idioms may be classified into five groups by the criterion of ______ function.
grammatical
[解析] 根据什么功能,习语可分为五类?Idioms may be classified into five groups by the criterion of grammatical function.答案为grammatical。
11. The idiom "up in the air" belongs to ______ idiom.
adjective
[解析] 习语“up in the air”属于什么词性的习语?up in the air意为“未定的,悬而未决的”,是形容词,因此该习语做形容词用。答案为adjective。
12. As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, ______ and exclamative sentences.
imperative
[解析] 就句子类型而言,句式习语包括陈述句、疑问句、什么和感叹句?As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences. 答案为imperative。
13. In terms of complexity sentence idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and ______ sentences.
complex
[解析] 就复杂性而言,句式习语能被进一步细分为简单句、复合句和什么句?In terms of complexity sentence idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences. 答案为complex。
14. The same idiom may show ______ differences when it is assigned different meanings including affective meaning.
stylistic
[解析] 同一条习语在不同意义时,可能会显示出一些什么差异?The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned different meanings. 答案为stylistic。
15. Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as of phonetic manipulation, ______ manipulation and figures of speech.
lexical
[解析] 除了文体特征外,习语在语音运用、什么运用和修辞手法等方面表现出明显的修辞色彩?Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and figures of speech. 答案为lexical。
16. Large numbers of idioms are used in their ______ meaning.
metaphorical
[解析] 大量的习语都是用其什么意义?Large numbers of idioms are used in their metaphorical meaning. 答案为metaphorical。
17. Juxtaposition means ______ are used in forming idioms.
antonyms
[解析] 邻接的意思是用什么构成习语?Juxtaposition means antonyms are used in forming idioms.答案为antonyms。
18. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience ______ changes such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on.
grammatical
[解析] 当习语用于实际环境中时,他们确实发生了某些什么变化,如动词的不同形式,人称代词和数的一致性?When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience grammatical changes such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on. 答案为grammatical。
Ⅲ.
1. rhetoric characteristics of idioms
idioms manifest apparent rhetorical colouring in such respects as of phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and figures of speech.
2. variations of idioms
The variations in constituents of idioms may be realized by addition, deletion, replacement, position-shifting, dismembering, etc.
3. replacement of idioms
In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech, resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms.
Ⅳ.
1. What is semantic unity of idioms?
(1)an idiom may consist of more than one word, each has its meaning, and part of speech. (2)has a single meaning. (3)functions as one word-equivalent. (4)In many cases, illogical relationship between the literal meaning of the constituent word and the meaning of the whole idiom.
2. What is the advantage of classifying idioms according to their grammatical functions?
(1)Because such classification will be more helpful in the actual use of idioms. (2)A knowledge of the grammatical functions of idioms will undoubtedly be beneficial to learners.
3. How many types can idioms be classified?
Idioms can be classified into five groups. (1) Idioms nominal in nature; (2) Idioms adjectival in nature; (3)Idioms verbal in nature; This is the largest group of all. The structures of such idioms are quite complex and thus can be subdivided into phrasal verbs and other verb phrases. (4) Idioms adverbial in nature; (5) Sentence idioms. They embrace declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences. In terms of complexity they can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences.
4. What are phrasal verbs? What are the similarity and the difference between a verb phrase and a phrasal verb?
Phrasal verbs are idioms, which are composed of a verb plus a prep. and/or a particle, e. g. go on, put off. Verb phrases include phrases consisting of structures like a verb+ pron. (make it), a verb+poss. +n. (follow one's nose), a verb+a. (fall flat), or a verb+ pron. +n. (give her the bag) etc.
5. What are the differences between metonymy and synecdoche?
Both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names, yet they differ in that the former is a case of using the name of one thing for another closely associated with it and the latter is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa. e. g. He goes to the service, rain or shine. In this sentence, rain or shine is an idiom; rain or shine is composed in juxtaposition. It is idiom adverbial in nature.
6. Explain the variations of idioms.
(1) Replacement. In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech, resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms. (2)Addition or deletion. Some constituents can be added or deleted, which does not affect the meaning of the idioms. (3) Position shifting. The positions of certain constituents in some idioms can be shifted without any change in meaning. (4)Shortening. This occasionally occurs in proverbs and sayings, where only a part of them is used instead of the whole. (5) Dismembering. It is what I mean by breaking up the idioms into pieces, an unusual case of use of idioms particularly in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.
7. Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the stylistic features of idioms. Stylistically speaking, most idioms are neither formal nor informal.
False. Idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are colloquialisms and slangs, therefore inappropriate for formal style. Occasionally,we find idioms which are extremely formal and used only in frozen style.
Ⅴ.
1. He is as poor as a church mouse. Pick out the idiom in this sentence, then point out its structure, grammatical function and figure of speech.
(1)The idiom is "as poor as a church mouse". (2)Its structure is: as + adj. + as + n. (3)Its grammatical function.adjective idiom as predicative in this sentence. (4)Simile.
2. For many weeks, I searched high and low to try to find some females to go with them, but without success. Pick out the idiom in this sentence, then point out its structure, grammatical functions and rhetorical feature.
(1)The idiom is "high and low". (2)Its structure is "adv. + adv." (3)Its grammatical function is adv. and used as adverbial. (4)Its rhetorical feature is juxtaposition.
3. Study the following sentence: (1)pick out the idiom, (2)make another example by using it, and (3) comment on the use. Stop dishing the dirt, Sally, it's really unbecoming!
The English idiom in the sentence is "dish the dirt". It means that gossip or spread rumours about others, e.g. women like to dish the dirt. The use of the short form indicates the informal situation. It is slang. According to phonetic manipulation, it is an example of alliteration.
4. Comment on the sentence "structural stability of idioms is absolutely unchangeable" and explain the reasons.
(1)This statement is not true. (2)Characterized by semantic unity and structural stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule. But structural stability is not absolute. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience grammatical changes such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on. (3)Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms: addition, deletion, replacement, position-shifting, dismembering, etc.