21. He didn't live up to ______ had been expected of him.
A.what
B.which
C.that
D.all what
A B C D
A
[解析] 译文:他辜负了人们对他的期望。live up to意为“符合,不辜负(期望)”;分析句子结构知本空作其后句子的主语,而且作主句中介词to的宾语,C不能作成分,只起连接作用;B和D不合题意。答案为A。
22. ______ their differences, John and Mark remain good friends all their lives.
A.But for
B.For all
C.Above all
D.Except for
A B C D
B
[解析] but for意为要不是;for all意为尽管;above all意为首先、尤其、重要的是;except for意为除了……以外。比较四个短语的意思,B项最符合。答案为B。
23. ______ the letter, I ran out of the room to the post office.
A.After I had finished in
B.As soon as I finished writing
C.No sooner I had finished
D.Since I finished in writing
A B C D
B
[解析] 译文:我一写完信就跑出屋子到邮局去了,若用A,finish是及物动词,其后应直接接宾语,不必接介词in;as soon as意为“一……就……”,引导时间状语从句,符合题意;若用C,否定副词用在句首,要进行部分倒装,即正确的语序为No sooner had I finished;D中的since引导从句,其主句要用现在完成时。答案为B。
24. His ill-health may well be ______ malnutrition.
1. if, once, until, releases, releasing, released ______ ______ from prison, he is likely to engage himself in the same business and commit the same crime.
3. neither, either, also, too A. The table is not sturdy enough to support a television, and that one probably isn't ______. B. He ______ smokes nor drinks.
4. When a pearl is cut in half and examined under a microscope, but its layers can be seen.
but its layers→its layers
[解析] 译文:当把珍珠切成两半,放在显微镜下时,能够看到它的层次。根据句意:前面是由when引导的一个时间状语从句。its layers can be seen是主句,因此句中but一词是多余的。答案为but its layers→its layers。
5. When school started was approaching.
When→The time when
[解析] 译文:开学的时间临近了。由题意知,本题缺少真正的主语。when引导的定语从句,先行词一般表示时间概念,本题可选用the time。答案为When→The time when。
6. It is a fact that I almost drowned makes me very careful about water safety whenever I go.
It is a fact→The fact
[解析] 译文:我以前差点溺水这件事总让我在接触水时不由得特别关心水的安全性。谓语makes前缺少主语,应该将句中的It is a fact改为The fact。因此此处“我以前差点溺水这件事”可用一个同位语从句The fact that I almost drowned...来表示。答案为It is a fact→The fact。
7. The cup was broken by someone, but I don't know who.
who→by whom
[解析] 首先要清楚,I don't know后面省略的成分是the cup was broken by...,由于不知道是谁打碎杯子,因此by后面可以用指代人的whom代替。the cup was broken在前面已经出现,可以省略,因此but后面的句子可以保留by whom。答案为who→by whom。
四、改写句子 Combining sentences using coordination or subordination:
1. We didn't know his telephone number. We would have telephoned him.
We would have telephoned him but we didn't know his telephone number.
[解析] 译文:我们不知道他的电话号码。我们本来会给他打电话的。合并在一起意思为:我本来会给他打电话的,但是我不知道他的电话号码。两句为转折关系,所以可用并列连词but连接。答案为We would have telephoned him but we didn't know his telephone number.
2. He didn't know what had happened. I didn't know what had happened.
Both he and I didn't know what had happened.
[解析] 译文:他不知道发生了什么。我不知道发生了什么。合并在一起意思为:他和我都不知道发生了什么。两句为并列关系,可以用both...and...。答案为Both he and I didn't know what had happened.
3. He himself is interested in the subject. All his students are beginning to show an interest in it.
Not only is he himself interested in the subject, but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.
[解析] 本题中两个句子的谓语部分相似,因此可以用not only...but also...结构连接两个句子。同时Not only位于句首时,要用部分倒装的句式。答案为Not only is he himself interested in the subject, but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.
4. I'm going to the lecture early. I'll get a good seat.
I'm going to the lecture early so that/in order that I can get a good seat.
[解析] 译文:我打算早点去听演讲。我要找个好座位。两句合并意为:为了能找个好座位,我打算早点去听演讲。可用从属连词so that或in order that引导从句。答案为I'm going to the lecture early so that/in order that I can get a good seat.
5. I have an idea. She will be late.
I have an idea that she will be late.
[解析] 译文:我有一种感觉。她会迟到。两句合并意为:我感觉她会迟到。idea为抽象名词,可用that引导同位语从句,同位语从句对前面的名词起进一步解释说明的作用。答案为I have an idea that she will be late.
6. They drove to the village. The barn dance was to take place.
They drove to the village because the barn dance was to take place.
[解析] 译文:他们开车去了乡下。谷仓舞将要演出。两句合并意为:因为谷仓舞将要演出,所以他们开车去了乡下。两分句为因果关系,可用从属连词because连接句子。答案为They drove to the village because the barn dance was to take place.
7. I have money. I will buy a new car.
If I have money, I will buy a new car.
[解析] 译文:我有钱。我想买辆新车。两句合并意为:如果我有了钱,我想买辆新车。可用从属连词if连接句子。答案为If I have money, I will buy a new car.
8. Now I must go. I shall be late for the birthday party.
Now I must go or else I shall be late for the birthday party.
[解析] 译文:我现在必须走了。我参加生日派对会迟到的。两句合并意为:我现在必须走了,否则我参加生日派对会迟到的。两句为选择关系,可用并列连词or else连接。答案为Now I must go or else I shall be late for the birthday party.
9. John doesn't know how to spell the word "alligator". The twins don't know either.
Neither John nor the twins know how to spell the world "alligator".
[解析] 译文:约翰不知道如何拼写“alligator”这个词。这对双胞胎也不知道。两句合并意为:约翰和这对双胞胎都不知道如何拼写“alligator”这个词。两句为并列关系,可使用表否定意义的并列连词neither...nor...。答案为Neither John nor the twins know how to spell the world "alligator".
10. Mr. Smith rose from his seat. He stepped onto the platform. He made a speech.
Mr. Smith rose from his seat, stepped onto the platform and made a speech.
[解析] 译文:史密斯先生从座位上站了起来。他走上讲台。他发表演说。三句合并意为:史密斯先生从座位上站了起来,走上讲台发表演说。三句为一连串动作,为并列关系,用并列连词and连接。答案为Mr. Smith rose from his seat, stepped onto the platform and made a speech.
11. She has never been to England. She speaks English quite well.
Although/Though she has never been to England, she speaks English quiet well.
[解析] 译文:她从未去过英国。她英语说得很好。两句合并意为:虽然她从未去过英国,但是她英语说得很好。两句为让步关系,可用从属连词although或though连接。答案为Although/Though she has never been to England, she speaks English quiet well.
12. Mary returned a day earlier than expected. They all were surprised.
They were all surprised that Mary had returned a day earlier than expected.
[解析] 译文:玛丽回来得比预料的早了一天。他们都非常吃惊。根据句意知前句是后句中的were surprised的宾语,可用that连接。而且returned发生在were surprised之前,returned要用过去完成式。答案为They were all surprised that Mary had returned a day earlier than expected.
五、简答题
1. What are the similarity and difference between coordination and subordination?
Coordination and subordination are the two important ways in which two or more units are combined into larger and more complex units. But coordination is realized by coordinators which join units at the same level. For example: Peter is a doctor and Mary is a nurse. While subordination is realized by subordinators which join units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy. For example: I am wondering whether to punish him or not.
2. Explain the difference between both.., and, not only...but also and as well as.
Both... and is to reinforce the sense of togetherness of the two items. Not only...but also carries the meaning of growing intensity, i.e not only introduces something of lesser importance and but also the information to be emphasized. As well as poses as the reverse function of not only...but also: i.e. in the construction A as well as B, it is A rather than B that is intended to draw attention.
3. List some of the functions of and, or and but.
(1)And is able to perform a far greater variety of functions. ①It carries the meanings of chronological sequence of events, cause and effect, condition, contrast, similarity, addition, etc. ②In informal English, and is commonly used after come, go, try, wait, etc, as an alternative to the infinitive marker to, to suggest purpose. ③And is also used in spoken English to join the disconnected fragments and keep the speech going in spite of hesitations. (2)Or as a correlative coordinator, mainly carries the meaning of alternative. ①Or is also found in some established expressions, such as or so, or else, or something, where it still introduces an alternative. ②Either...or...usually relates to two possibilities only and emphasizes the exclusive meaning of or. (3)But, as a coordinator, expresses a contrast which could usually be alternatively expressed by yet, while, whereas, etc.
4. What's the difference between the coordinators "while and whereas" and "but and yet"?
While and whereas normally introduce a clause, but and yet may join units of the same syntactic level; but and yet are usually interchangeable except when but comes after not as a repudiation of what has been said by negation; While and whereas can occur in the initial position of a sentence, but not usually but or yet as a coordinator. For example: They are poor but/yet proud. While/ whereas they want a house, we would rather live in a flat.
5. Use examples to illustrate central coordinators and other peripheral types of coordinators.
Central coordinators are typically used to put together units at the same syntactic level. They include and, or and but. Other peripheral types of coordinators share some of the syntactic and semantic features with the central coordinator. For example, correlative coordinators are used to conjoin two parallel units, eg. both...and, either...or, not...but, neither...nor, not only...but also. Semi-coordinators are equally used as conjuncts, eg, nor, so, yet. Quasi-coordinators behave sometimes like coordinators, and sometimes like subordinators or prepositions, eg. as well as, as much as, rather than, more than.
6. What are the types of subordinate clauses?
Subordinate clauses are usually divided into three types by their function: relative clauses, adverbial clauses and nominal clauses. In form, subordinate clauses may be also divided into three types: finite clauses, non-finite clauses and verbless clauses.
7. What are the major types of finite and non-finite subordinate clauses?
The major types of finite subordinate clauses are relative clause, adverbial clause and nominal clause. The major types of non-finite subordinate clauses are infinitive clause, -ing participle clause, -ed participle clause and verbless clause.