1. ______ that he have made up his mind to divorce his wife.
A.Believing
B.To believe
C.The belief
D.It is believed
A B C D
D
[解析] 译文:大家都认为他已经下定决心要与他妻子离婚了。本题属于主语分句外位。It is believed that...=He have made...is believed. It is believed that...意为“人们认为……,大家认为……”,是固定句型,A、B、C都不合题意。答案为D。
2. I have made it clear ______ I will never turn to him.
3. She was too shocked at the sight of murder ______ to the police.
A.so explain
B.to explain
C.than explain it
D.when explain
A B C D
B
[解析] 译文:在谋杀现场,她吓坏了,无法向警方解释清楚。这里考查的是对句子分隔的理解。所谓句子的分隔就是将分句的某一部分移走,作为实现强调的一种语法手段。方法有三种,其中一种就是常用于含有比较意义的结构中,如too...to,enough....to,so...as to/that,such...as to/that。另外,at the sight of意为“一看见……就”;本题用的是too...to do sth. 结构,意为“太……而不能做某事”。A、C、D没这种用法。答案为B。
4. Never before ______ so many people in our country been interested in sports.
A.has
B.have
C.had
D.are
A B C D
B
[解析] 译文:以前我们国家从未有这么多人对运动感兴趣。否定副词用在句首,要用部分倒装,即要将助动词放在主语之前。其正常语序是So many people in our country have never...,其主语为so many people,谓语要用复数,而且从题意知要用现在完成时。答案为B。
12. Here ______ the nine noisy children in the field.
A.comes
B.coming
C.come
D.is coming
A B C D
C
[解析] 译文:田间那九个吵闹的孩子过来了。以here,there开头的句子,如果主语是名词,其谓语动词要放到主语之前形成全部倒装,即:here/there+谓语动词+主语(名词)。若主语是代词,则不完全倒装,即:here/there+代词+谓语动词。而且谓语要与其后的主语保持一致。本题的主语为the nine noisy children,谓语要用复数,A和D错;B为非谓语动词。答案为C。
13. ______ who caused you to serve dinner an hour later than usual?
1. It is said which he is still alive in the woods.
which→that
[解析] 译文:据说他仍然生活在树林里。句型It is said that...意为“据说……”,属于主语外位的情况。为了防止句子头重脚轻,通常把形式主语it放在主语位置,真正主语是that引导的从句。答案为which→that。
2. In no case he will give up to keeping fitness.
he will→will he
[解析] 译文:他是绝不会放弃健身的。in no case意为“决不,在任何情况下都不”,是固定用法,其放在句首时,后面所接的句子要用部分倒装。答案为he will→will he。
3. Not a single page he read the whole semester.
he→did he
[解析] 否定词not a single置于句首时,主句应为倒装结构,即助动词did提前。答案为he→did he。
4. No sooner he had asked the question than the answer came to him.
No sooner he had→No sooner had he
[解析] 句中“no sooner...than...”意为“一……就……”,引导时间状语从句,主句用过去完成时,than后面的从句用一般过去时。(从这里可以知道,no sooner后面是主句,than后面是从句)。另外,No sooner...常放在句首,表示强调,这时主句要倒装。答案为No sooner he had→No sooner had he。
5. It was at the party where Pat released the president's illness to the reporters.
where→that
[解析] 译文:正是在那个聚会上派特向记者们透露了总统的病况。根据题意知本题是分裂句型:It is/was+被强调部分+that/who(当强调主语且主语指人)+其他部分。题干中的at the party是句子的状语,是被强调部分,其后要用that。答案为where→that。
三、改写句子 Using extraposition:
1. You will feel listening to him talk boring.
You will feel it boring listening to him talk.
[解析] 要求将句子改写成外位的语句。外位就是指把原来位于句中或句首的部分移至句末,并用it填补移走部分留下的空缺。本题属于宾语外位,此处可以把listening to him talk移至句末,原空缺处用it来填补。答案为You will feel it boring listening to him talk.
2. Whether there was gold left in the mine was not known.
It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine.
[解析] 译文:是不是有金子留在了煤里,谁也不知道。可采用主语外位的结构,将主语部分(Whether there...)移至句末,用It作形式主语。答案为It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine.
3. Whether you keep the money or give it away is none of my concern.
It is none of my concern whether you keep the money or give it away.
[解析] 译文:你是想保留这些钱还是将其扔掉,这不关我的事。题干中的whether...give it away是句子的主语,主语太长,可用it作形式主语,形成主语外位句式。答案为It is none of my concern whether you keep the money or give it away.
4. She took that her son would study medicine for granted.
She took it for granted that her son would study medicine.
[解析] 译文:她认为儿子会学医是理所当然的。题干中的that her son would study medicine作take的宾语,宾语太长,可用it作形式宾语。答案为She took it for granted that her son would study medicine.
5. To see all the high school kids standing on one foot outside school property and puffing away furtively and defiantly on their cigarettes breaks my heart.
It breaks my heart to see all the high school kids standing on one foot outside school property and puffing away furtively and defiantly on their cigarettes.
[解析] 译文:看到所有的高中生单脚站在学校大楼外面,虽偷偷摸摸却又叛逆地吞烟吐雾,我的心都碎了。此句中主语太长,显得头重脚轻,可用it作形式主语。答案为It breaks my heart to see all the high school kids standing on one foot outside school property and puffing away furtively and defiantly on their cigarettes.
6. That we need some more equipment is quite obvious.
It is quite obvious that we need some more equipment.
[解析] 译文:很明显我们需要更多的设备。题干中的that we need some more equipment作句子主语,为了避免头重脚轻可将真正的主语移至句末,用it作句子的形式主语。答案为It is quite obvious that we need some more equipment.
7. Meeting you in London that day was pleasant.
It was pleasant meeting you in London that day.
[解析] meeting you in London是句子主语,可将其移至句末,并用it填补移走部分留下的空缺。答案为It was pleasant meeting you in London that day.
Rewrite the following sentences beginning each with anticipatory "it":
8. They are likely to succeed.
It is likely that they will succeed.
[解析] 译文:他们有可能成功。likely意为“很可能的”,其后常跟不定式,也可接从句。“likely+不定式”常与句型“It is likely that+从句”互换使用,都意为“很可能……”。答案为It is likely that they will succeed.
9. They seem to be satisfied with the result.
It seems that they are satisfied with the result.
[解析] 译文:他们似乎对结果很满意。题干中的seem的用法是:seem+不定式,常可与句型“It+不及物动词(seem,appear等)+从句”互换,意为“似乎……,看起来……”。答案为It seems that they are satisfied with the result.
10. She is expected to be back tomorrow.
It is expected that she will be back tomorrow.
[解析] 译文:她明天有望回来。“sb. is expected to sth.”可与“It is expected that+从句”互换,意为“有望……”。答案为It is expected that she will be back tomorrow.
11. His country is known to be rich in natural resources.
It is known to be that his country is rich in natural resources.
[解析] 译文:他的祖国自然资源丰富,这是人所皆知的。根据句意知本题的主语是his country is rich in natural resources,主语过长,可用it作形式主语,且that从句叙述的是客观事实,从句要用一般现在时。答案为It is known to be that his country is rich in natural resources.
Using discontinuity:
12. They found a wounded person with a broken leg lying on the floor upstairs.
They found upstairs lying on the floor a wounded person with a broken leg.
[解析] 译文:他们发现一个拖着断腿的伤员躺在楼上的地板上。题干中强调性的名词性短语是a wounded person with a broken leg,可将其移至句末。答案为They found upstairs lying on the floor a wounded person with a broken leg.
13. Nobody except Jane was late.
Nobody was late except Jane.
[解析] 译文:除了简之外,没人迟到。题干中的强调部分是except Jane,要将其移至句末中心位置。答案为Nobody was late except Jane.
14. The time to decorate the house for Christmas has come.
The time has come to decorate the house for Christmas.
[解析] 译文:为圣诞节装扮房屋的时间到了。本题强调部分为不定式to decorate the house for Christmas,要将其移至句末。答案为The time has come to decorate the house for Christmas.
15. The days when he could boss me around are gone.
The days are gone when he could boss me around.
[解析] 译文:他有权指挥我们的日子已经过去了。题干中的分句when he could boss me around要移至句末,以实现强调的作用。答案为The days are gone when he could boss me around.
16. We heard the story of how he was stranded for days without food from his own lips.
We heard the story from his own lips of how he was stranded for days without food.
[解析] 译文:我们听他亲口讲述了他是如何度过那些没有吃的日子。题干中的of how he was stranded for days without food可以进行分隔,将这个分句移至句末,以达到强调的效果。答案为We heard the story from his own lips of how he was stranded for days without food.
17. Excessive drinking is more harmful than expected to anybody.
Excessive drinking is more harmful to anybody than expected.
[解析] 译文:过多饮酒所造成的危害比人们预想的要大得多。分隔经常发生在有后置修饰语的名词短语中,有一些分隔不太常见,比较结构就是这种类型之一。因此,改以后的句子应该是把than expected置于句尾,即把结构紧凑的比较级的句子分隔开来。答案为Excessive drinking is more harmful to anybody than expected.
18. He is the only student who applies for financial aid in this school.
He is the only student in this school who applies for financial aid.
[解析] 分隔是指通常把后置修饰语和被修饰的名词隔开,移至句末。这里就可以将后置修饰语who applies for financial aid移至句末。答案为He is the only student in this school who applies for financial aid.
Using fronting:
19. The plane dived into a large crowd of spectators.
Into a large crowd of spectators the plane dived.
[解析] 译文:这架飞机向一大群观众冲去。本句中可以将宾语部分移至句首来突出强调,其他部分依次排列即可。答案为Into a large crowd of spectators the plane dived.
20. Joe may be fool, but he is not thief.
Fool Joe may be, but thief he is not.
[解析] 译文:乔可能有点傻,但是他不是小偷。题干中的fool和thief作be的表语,都是题干的信息重点,可将其前移到句首,以突出说话者对Joe的评价。答案为Fool Joe may be, but thief he is not.
21. A computer can take most of these problems in its stride.
Most of these problems a computer can take in its stride.
[解析] 译文:电脑能按照自己的步调处理大部分问题。题干中的most of these problems作take的宾语,可前移至句首以示强调。答案为Most of these problems a computer can take in its stride.
22. You've made a horrible mess of it.
A horrible mess you've made of it.
[解析] 译文:你把它弄得一团糟。题干中的a horrible mess作made的宾语,为了突出宾语,可以将其前移至句首。答案为A horrible mess you've made of it.
23. All life depends on this cycle.
On this cycle all life depends.
[解析] 译文:所有生命都依靠这个循环。根据句意知题干中的on this cycle是可以突出强调的部分,可将其移至句首。答案为On this cycle all life depends.
24. The firemen dashed into the burning house.
Into the burning house the firemen dashed.
[解析] 译文:消防员冲进了着火的房子。题干中的介词短语into the burning house在句中作地点状语,可以前移。答案为Into the burning house the firemen dashed.
Using inversion:
25. I have never been there before.
Never have I been there before.
[解析] 译文:我以前从来没去过那里。本题可将否定副词放在句首,当否定副词never置于句首时,要进行部分倒装,即将操作词have移到主语I之前。答案为Never have I been there before.
26. The secretary had scarcely got to the office when her boss wanted her to type a letter.
Scarcely had the secretary got to the office when her boss wanted her to type a letter.
[解析] 译文:这位秘书刚进办公室,老板就让她打印一封信。否定副词scarcely用在句首,要将其后的句子进行部分倒装。即将题干中的had移到主语the secretary之前。答案为Scarcely had the secretary got to the office when her boss wanted her to type a letter.
27. A weak cry for help came from the house across the street.
From the house across the street came a weak cry for help.
[解析] 译文:从街道对面的房子里发出的微弱的呼救声。介词短语from the house across the street置于句首,且主语为名词时,其后的部分要进行全部倒装,即将句子谓语came移至主语a weak cry for help之前。答案为From the house across the street came a weak cry for help.
28. The enemy tried in vain to encircle and wipe out the guerrillas.
In vain did the enemy try to encircle and wipe out the guerrillas.
[解析] 译文:敌人试图包围并粉碎游击队,但是他们失败了。当表示否定意义的in vain置于句首时,其后的部分要进行部分倒装,即将题干中与tried对应的操作词did置于主语the enemy之前。答案为In vain did the enemy try to encircle and wipe out the guerrillas.
29. Some plants are sensitive to pollution that they can only survive in a perfectly clean environment.
So sensitive are some plants to pollution that they can only survive in a perfectly clean environment.
[解析] 译文:有些植物对污染很敏感,导致他们只能在完全无污染的环境下才能成活。当so置于句首时,句子要进行部分倒装。答案为So sensitive are some plants to pollution that they can only survive in a perfectly clean environment.
30. Come and teach in our school. You won't find such fine pupils anywhere else.
Come and teach in our school. Nowhere else will you find such fine pupils.
[解析] 倒装句中可以将表示地点的指示代词提前,如本句中的anywhere else可以改为no-where else,含义未变,还可以将其置于句首形成倒装句式。答案为Come and teach in our school. Nowhere else will you find such fine pupils.
Using cleft sentence and pseudo-cleft sentence:
31. I met my old neighbor Mary in the supermarket.
It was in the supermarket that I met my old neighbour Mary.
[解析] 译文:我在超市见到了我的老邻居玛丽。本题强调的是地点状语in the supermarket,引导词要用that,题干用的是过去式met,分裂句中的be要用was。答案为It was in the supermarket that I met my old neighbour Mary.
32. I gave her a book.
What I gave her was a book.
[解析] 译文:我给了她一本书。根据句意可知,本题的强调的中心是句子后部分,要用拟式分裂句,即用what引导的主语从句。答案为What I gave her was a book.
33. The students are going to write theses.
What the students are going to do is to write theses.
[解析] 本句可以改写成假意分隔语句形式。和其他的分隔语句的方式不同,此种方式一般以what从句为主语,在补足语上达到语义的高峰,也就是会着重强调结尾部分。答案为What the students are going to do is to write theses.
四、简答题
1. What is given information and what is new information?
The new information, as it is assumed to be unfamiliar to the receiver, is the most important part of the information unit in terms of "news value" and is thus closely linked with the information focus. The given information, on the other hand, is assumed to be familiar to the receiver because it was explicitly provided in the preceding linguistic context or implicitly provided in view of the situational context or the shared cultural background.
2. What is the information structure of the passive voice?
Shift the item such as the agent which is originally in the first position in the active sentence to the final focal position in order to emphasize.
3. What are the usages of extraposition?
(1)We can extrapose clausal subject in the following sentence patterns such as SVC, SVO, SVOC, SV, but we can't use the extraposition in other cases where the predicate contains a clause. (2)We can also extrapose clausal object in the following sentence patterns, that is, SVOC and SVOA.
4. What are the usages of discontinuity?
(1)The discontinuity for achieving emphasis most commonly affects the most modification of a noun phrase, e.g. finite clauses, non-finite clauses and prepositional phrases, and also occurs with a noun and its appositive reflexive pronoun. (2)The discontinuity is uncommonly used in these types: ①One of them is closely related to extraposition and passive voice. ②Another type of discontinuity is found with comparative constructions. ③The third type often occurs with constructions associated with the meaning of comparison: too...to, enough...to, so...as to/that and such...as to/that.
5. What are the usages of fronting?
Fronting is used for focusing a parallelism or contrast in consecutive clauses, especially common in rhetorical speech or writing. It may be found with various grammatical elements such as object, complement, adverbial and even verb phrase or part of the predicate.
6. Why is fronting an effective device for achieving emphasis?
Because fronting disturbs the expected route of information flow and inevitably brings about unusualness, we dramatically sharpen the parallelism or contrast in consecutive clause by means of it.
7. What are the differences between fronting and inversion?
(1) Inversion involves the reversal of subject-verb order while fronting usually does not. (2)Fronting usually transfers the information focus from the final position to the front, inversion may comply with either fronting or postponement depending on its structure.
8. How is cleaving related to fronting and postponement?
The cleaving is a more elaborate grammatical device which corresponds in effect to fronting for giving prominence to such an item by means of contrastive focus. The pseudo-cleft sentence is more of postponement than of fronting. It typically occurs with what-clause as the subject and presents a climax in the complement so as to achieve a distinctive end-focus.
9. Explain the difference in grammatical structure and information structure between the partial inversion and the complete inversion: (1) Using "There be+S+A pattern" with the subject headword modified. (2) Using "there to be+noun phrase" or "there being+noun phrase".
(1)Complete inversion refers to a clear reversal of the order of subject and predicate, rather than part of the predicate as is done by partial inversion. (2)Partial inversion, which moves part of the predicate, i.e. the operator, to the presubject position, usually works with fronting so as to produce a focal topic.
10. Explain the features of the existential sentence.
(1)The existential there is the formal subject. (2)Apart from the typical use of the lexical verb be, other intransitive verbs which denote or incorporate the meaning of "existence" can be used.
11. What role does there play in the existential sentence form the communicative point of view?
There makes some kind of meaning less noise or polite noise for the convenience of our listener or reader) whose role function is to warm up for the forthcoming big moment, that is, to pave the way for the new information due to the absence of the given information.
12. What is the difference between existential there and locative there?
The existential there is the formal subject in the existential sentence; it is devoid of lexical content and is thus never stressed. The locative there is of lexical content, and can be stressed.