3. It has been shown that many people find ______ very uncomfortable to hold the same position for any length of time.
A.that
B.which
C.it
D.what
A B C D
C
[解析] 译文:很明显,许多人发现长时间内一直保持同一个姿势会非常难受。本题find的宾语实际上是不定式to hold the same position for any length of time,由于此宾语太长,宾语补足语(very comfortable)太短,为了避免头重脚轻,要用it作find的形式宾语。答案为C。
4. I regard ______ this job on time.
A.as it is important to finish
B.important to finish
C.it as important to finish
D.as it important to finish
A B C D
C
[解析] 译文:我认为,按时完成这份工作是很重要的。其中regard sth. (to do sth.) as+important意为“认为做某事是很重要的”。同时为了避免头重脚轻,可用it来作宾语,将真正的宾语放在后面,即regard it as important to finish this job on time。答案为C。
5. Her parents gave her several small peaches instead of big ______.
2. I don't like to drive other's car; I want to drive my own one.
my own one→my own
[解析] 译文:我不喜欢驾驶别人的汽车;我想驾驶自己的。特别强调所有关系时,可以在任何形容词性的物主代词后加上own,然后再加名词,即one's own+名词,也可用a/an+名词+of one's own;但是one's own后面不能接one作为支撑词。本题可以用my own ear,但为了避免重复最好省略名词car,但是不能用my own one。答案为my own one→my own。
3. Not many people smoke fifty cigarettes a day, but I know a few who are.
三、改写句子 Using whatever cohesive device is appropriate:
1. If you mark your luggage conspicuously, other passengers will not mistake your luggage with their own luggage.
If you mark your luggage conspicuously, other passengers will not mistake it with their own.
[解析] 译文:如果你在你的行李箱上贴上明显的标志,别的旅客就不会把他们的行李箱同你的弄混了。语篇连贯的三种主要方式为:照应、替代和省略。题中行李(luggage)一词一共出现了三次,第二个与第一个指代同一个物体,因此,可用it构成代词照应;而第三个luggage则可省略,这是因为own本身有代词词性,单独使用就可以指代前面出现的名词。答案为If you mark your luggage conspicuously, other passengers will not mistake it with their own.
2. My mother remained a great lover of music, as she had been a great lover of music in her youth.
My mother remained a great lover of music, as she had been in her youth.
[解析] 译文:我的妈妈仍然是音乐的强烈爱好者,她和年轻时一样热爱音乐。题干中第二句出现的a great lover of music在第一句中已经出现,重复累赘,可以省略。答案为My mother remained a great lover of music, as she had been in her youth.
3. I learned to speak English early in life. I had to learn English early in life.
I learned to speak English early in life. I had to.
[解析] 这里可以把要表达的主句先写出来,即I learned to speak English early in life,然后把第二句中与第一句已重复出现的learn English省略即可,这样也不会影响句子的意思。答案为I learned to speak English early in life. I had to.
4. "Have another cake." "No, thanks, that was my third cake."
"Have another cake". "No, thanks, that was my third."
[解析] 译文:“再吃一块蛋糕吧。”“不,谢谢,我都吃了第三块。”根据句意知another cake和my third cake中的cake重复,可以省略。答案为"Have another cake". "No, thanks, that was my third."
5. I inherited these skills from my father. Those skills have been put to the test.
I inherited these skills from my father. And they have been put to the test.
[解析] 译文:我从爸爸那里继承了这些技术。它们已被纳入试验。“它们”指的是“那些技术”,可用they代替those skills,避免重复。为使句子更为衔接,可在第二句句首添加连词and。答案为I inherited these skills from my father. And they have been put to the test.
6. The parents may enjoy it, hut the children will be bored. You cannot please both the parents and the children.
The parents may enjoy it, but the children will be bored. You can't please both.
[解析] 译文:家长们或许觉得好玩,但是孩子们会觉得无聊的。你不可能同时取悦家长和孩子。第二句中的the parents and the children,与前句重复,可以省略。答案为The parents may enjoy it, but the children will be bored. You can't please both.
7. There are 30 students in my class. All the students speak Chinese.
There are 30 students in my class. All speak Chinese.
[解析] 译文:我的班上有30个学生。所有的学生都说汉语。题干中前后句的students重复累赘,后句中的名词students可以省略。答案为There are 30 students in my class. All speak Chinese.
8. If you travel often, keep a collection of necessities pre-packed. Keeping a collection of necessities pre-packed will give you time to pare the nonessentials.
If you travel often, keep a collection of necessities pre-packed. That will give you time to pare the nonessentials.
[解析] 译文:如果你经常旅游,要确保将你的一套必需品提前打包,这样做会为你减少非必需品节省时间。“这样做(keeping...packed)”可用指示代词“that”代替,使句子衔接顺畅。答案为If you travel often, keep a collection of necessities pre-packed. That will give you time to pare the nonessentials.
9. This is my book. Whose book is that one?
This is my book. Whose is that one?
[解析] 译文:这是我的书。那本是谁的?题干中第二句中的book和第一句中的book重复,可以将第二句中的book省略。答案为This is my book. Whose is that one?
10. Mary got a job, at a salary higher than my salary. It seemed sensible for Mary to take the job.
Mary got a job, at a salary higher than mine, and it seemed sensible for her to take it.
[解析] 译文:玛丽找到了一份比我工资高的工作。玛丽接受这份工作似乎很明智。题干中的名词salary,job,Mary都有重复,my salary可以用名词性的物主代词mine代替;for Mary中的Mary可以用表示宾格的代词she代替;句末的the job和第一句的a job指的是同一件事,可以用it代替。答案为Mary got a job, at a salary higher than mine, and it seemed sensible for her to take it.
11. His words moved everyone who was present.
His words moved everyone present.
[解析] 译文:他的话语感动了在场的每个人。题干中的who was present作everyone的定语从句,其中主语和谓语who was可以省略,present作后置定语。答案为His words moved everyone present.
12. It's cold in Christmas in Canada, but it's hot in Christmas in Australia.
It is cold in Christmas in Canada, but hot in Australia.
[解析] 译文:加拿大的圣诞节很冷,但是澳大利亚的圣诞节很热。根据句意知前后两句是在天气方面的比较,可将相同部分省略。答案为It is cold in Christmas in Canada, but hot in Australia.
13. "The frog won't eat food in winter." "Nor will the snake eat food in winter."
"The frog won't eat food in winter". "Nor will the snake".
[解析] 译文:“青蛙冬天不吃东西。”“蛇冬天也不吃东西。”根据句意知后句叙述的是与前句相同的否定情况,后句可以用“nor+助动词+主语”来表示“……也不……”。答案为"The frog won't eat food in winter". "Nor will the snake".
14. We are told that he will come tonight, and if he comes tonight, our meeting will be held tomorrow. If he doesn't come tonight, there won't be any meeting tomorrow.
We are told that be will come tonight. and if so, our meeting will be held tomorrow. If not, there won't be any meeting tomorrow.
[解析] 前后两句中出现了三次come tonight,可以用代替分句的so和not来简化句式。答案为We are told that be will come tonight. and if so, our meeting will be held tomorrow. If not, there won't be any meeting tomorrow.
15. Check out the weather at your destination. If you do not check out the weather at your destination, things can be very embarrassing.
Check out the weather at your destination. If not, things can be very embarrassing.
[解析] 前面的句子Check out...destination已经出现,后面的句子无需再次重复相同的内容,可以使用恰当的代词代替,使句子简洁。so和not可以代替句子,由于If you do not...所表达的句意是否定的意义,因此可以选用not。答案为Check out the weather at your destination. If not, things can be very embarrassing.
四、简答题
1. How to establish cohesion?
Three major types of devices to establish cohesion: reference, substitution and ellipsis.
2. Explain exophoric reference, endophoric reference, anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference.
We may make reference to the nonlinguistic or situational Context (exophoric reference). We are only concerned with reference to the linguistic or textual contest (endophoric reference). We further distinguish two types of endophoric reference with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text: anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference. Our reference is anaphoric if we retrieve information from the foregoing contest. On the other hand, it is cataphoric if we refer to the forthcoming context.
3. Provide examples to illustrate reference as realized by pronouns, demonstratives and comparison.
(1)Reference by pronouns: Look at the man. I think he's the person wanted by the police. (2)Reference by demonstratives: They finally arrived at an agreement to stop fire. That agreement saved the country from war. (3)Reference by comparison: John is both stupid and lazy. His brother is no better.
4. Why does co-reference between pronouns often cause our hesitation in the course of speaking and writing?
Pronoun has referential meanings. When it is used, it must refer to a noun previously mentioned in the context. This noun is its antecedent from which the reader or the hearer knows the identity of the pronoun. In this ease, a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number, in gender, in person, otherwise the identity of the pronoun can be ambiguous. That is why pronoun co-reference often causes our hesitation in the use of English.
5. What are the differences between nominal substitute one and numeral one?
(1)the former can take modifiers but not the latter; (2)the former is never stressed while the latter usually is; (3)the former may occur in the plural form whereas the latter is always singular; (4)the former is the head word of the noun phrase and the latter can function as a determiner.
6. Provide examples to illustrate the nominal, verbal and clausal substitutions.
(1)Nominal substitution by one.. He sold his old house and bought a new one the next day. (2)Verbal substitution by do: You don't like dishonesty, do you? Of course not. Actually, nobody does. (3)Clausal substitution by so or not. I really hope he is the right person for the job. Yes, if so, we can start the project right away./Yes, but if not, we'll have to cancel the project, I'm afraid.
7. How is ellipsis related to substitution?
Strictly speaking, ellipsis refers to incomplete sentences with such a structure as to presuppose a preceding item. In this sense, ellipsis is like substitution in that it sets up cohesion on the basis of structural recoverability with reference to the linguistic context.
8. Provide examples to illustrate nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis.
(1)Nominal ellipsis: Why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one (cup of coffee). (2)Verbal ellipsis: Have you seen Tom before? Yes, I have (seen Tom before). (3)Clausal ellipsis: Are you OK? Yes (, I'm OK).
9. Name some other devices to achieve cohesion.
Some other devices which achieve cohesion include transition, repetition and parallelism.