Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.
1. Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as ______.
19. The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the ______ relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in "rain cats and dogs".
A.illogical
B.logical
C.mutual
D.natural
A B C D
A
[解析] 习语的整体性主要反映在:构成习语的每一个词之间是没有明确的逻辑关系可言的,例如在习语“rain cats and dogs”中,“rain”与“cats”和“dogs”之间的逻辑关系是不成立的。
20. Both English and Danish belong to the Germanic branch of the ______ family.
25. Associative meaning of words comprises ______.
A.lexical meaning
B.grammatical meaning
C.conceptual meaning
D.collocative meaning
A B C D
D
26. ______ is a common feature which can be found in all natural languages.
A.Suffixation
B.Polysemy
C.Allomorph
D.Variation
A B C D
B
[解析] 一词多义是世界上所有语言中都存在的现象,而题目中其余三项所列的特点则不是所有语言的共性。
27. ______ is what is needed to understand the very sense of a word a person is uttering.
A.Context
B.Grammar
C.Structural stability
D.Stylistic feature
A B C D
A
28. The rhetorical features of idioms include ______. (1) phonetic manipulation (2) lexical manipulation (3) literary expressions (4) elimination of ambiguity
A.(1),(2)and(4)
B.(1),(3)and(4)
C.(3)and(4)
D.(1),(2)and(3)
A B C D
D
29. There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.
Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
1. Context can help eliminate ambiguity, provide clues for inferring word-meaning and give ______ of referents.
indication
2. Words can be classified into ______ words and functional words by notion.
content
3. In the word "preschool", " pre-" is a prefix of ______.
time
4. Functional words have little ______ meaning but strong grammatical meaning.
lexical
5. ______, also called near-synonyms, are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but have different degrees of a given quality.
Relative synonyms
6. Instead of changing the ______ of the stem as a general rule, the main function of the prefixes is to change its meaning.
word class
7. "Fall" in American English and "autumn" in British English have the same ______.
sense
8. The three groups of antonyms are: contradictory terms, ______ and relative terms.
contrary terms
9. It can be said that ______ are free roots.
free morphemes
10. ______ are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.
Perfect homonyms
Ⅲ. Define the following terms.
1. perfect homonyms
Perfect homonyms are words identical in both sound and spelling, but different in meaning.
2. homophones
Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.
3. complete synonyms
Complete synonyms, also known as absolute synonyms, are words identical in meaning in all its aspects.
4. non-linguistic context
Non-linguistic context, also called extra-linguistic context, refers to those situations and features which are not directly a part of the language in use but which either contribute in conveying a message or have an influence on language use.
5. replacement of idioms
Replacement of idioms suggests that in some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by the same part of speech, resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms.
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. Decide whether the following statement is tree or false, based on your understanding of the stylistic features of idioms. As far as stylistic values are concerned, most idioms are formal.
This statement is false. A large proportion of idioms were once created by working people of various occupations, and these expressions were all colloquial and informal. But their usefulness has made them enjoy significant popularity among people so that they have become part of the common core of language. Despite the fact, idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are colloquialisms and slang, therefore inappropriate for formal style.
2. What is the remarkable feature of Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English?
It has the following features: (1)Compiled on the principle of semantic field. (2)Some 15,000 items classified into fourteen semantic fields of a practical everyday nature. (3) Subfields also included. (4) Semantically-related words defining one another.
3. What is compounding and what are the relative criteria of compounds?
Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. The criteria of compounds are: phonetic criterion, semantic criterion and grammatical criterion.
4. What is affective meaning? What are words with positive or negative emotive values used to denote?
Affective meaning indicates the speaker's attitude towards the person or thing in conversation. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative and pejorative type. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval; those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.
Ⅴ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. Some people hold that Shakespeare is more difficult to read than contemporary writings. Do you agree or disagree to this comment? State your reason(s) with at least three examples.
I agree to this comment. Shakespeare's works are more difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different senses from what they have now in contemporary daily life. Take his well-known play Hamlet! as an example. "Rival" means partner" as in the rivals of my watch, bid them make haste" ; "jump" means "just" as in "Thus twice before, and jump at this dead hour" ; "vulgar" means "common" as in "as common as any the most vulgar thing to sense"; censure means "opinion" as in "Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgement".
2. Analyze the components of the following words: revive, minicar, automobiles, exit, porter.
Revive: "re-", a prefix with the meaning "again"; "vive", a bound root from Latin with the meaning "life", or "to live". Minicar: " mini-", a prefix with the meaning small ; "car" is a free root. Automobiles: "auto-", a prefix with the meaning "self" ; "mob" is the root meaning "move" ; "-ile" is a noun suffix, and "-s" is an inflectional affix to indicate the plural form. Exit: "ex-", a prefix which means "out"; "it", a bound root for "go". Porter: "port" is a bound root for "carry" ;"-er" is a suffix to indicate a person.