Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.
1. The main sources of the new words include the following EXCEPT ______.
A.the progress made in science and technology
B.changes in geography
C.alien cultural and linguistic influence on English
4. In the sentence "Italian artists were more active in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth century which followed. " The meaning of quattrocento can be inferred from the clue of ______.
A.definition
B.explanation
C.example
D.relevant detail
A B C D
D
[解析] 题目中的画线词是个生僻词,要推测其意思,只能从句子的语境中寻找相关线索,即“relevant detail”,因为句子没有给出此生僻词的定义(definition),也没有对其进行诠释,更没有在其后举例说明。但是在“in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth century”中,“than”之后的“sixteenth century”是个提示信息,我们可以据此推测,这个生词是表示时间的词。事实上,“quattrocento”的意思是“十五世纪”。
5. "Through thick and thin" is an idiom ______ in nature.
A.nominal
B.adjectival
C.adverbial
D.verbal
A B C D
C
6. Readers cannot look up pronunciation or meaning in ______.
A.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation
12. In the sentence "An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou'wester usually brings rain. " the meaning of "sou' wester" can be inferred from the clue of ______.
15. The mode of ______ is well reflected in the word "butcher", which originally denoted, mere "one who kills goats" , but has come to denote "one who kills animals".
A.extension
B.elevation
C.narrowing
D.degradation
A B C D
A
16. Many of the writings in ancient times are hard to understand in that many of the words in them were used in different ______ from what they have now in dictionaries.
Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
1. The prefix "ultr-" means ______.
extreme
2. The full form of "VOA" is "Voice of America"; it is an example of ______.
initialisms
3. Affixes attached to the ______ of words to indicate grammatical relationships are called inflectional affixes.
end
4. The chief function of prefixes is not to change the word class, but to change the ______.
meaning
5. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being ______. and the other opposite.
negative
6. The pair of "queer" and "odd" can, serve as an example of ______.
relative synonyms
7. "CED" is a ______ dictionary.
bilingual
8. In the sentence "The pen is mightier than the sword." the word "pen" is ______.
semantically motivated
9. The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called ______.
affixation
10. Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully ______ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.
identical
Ⅲ. Define the following terms.
1. creation(as a mode of vocabulary development)
Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements.
2. root
A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
3. archaisms
Archaisms are words or forms that were once common use but now are restricted only to special use.
4. absolute synonyms
Absolute synonyms, also known as complete synonyms, are words identical in meaning in all aspects.
5. juxtaposition of antonyms
Juxtaposition of antonyms refers to forming or achieving emphasis by putting together contrasting ideas.
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. What are the three areas to account for the difference between synonyms? Illustrate your points.
(1) Difference in denotation. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity of meaning. For example, of the pair " timid" and" timorous", the former can mean a state of mind and the habitual disposition of a person, but the latter only means disposition. (2) Difference in connotation. By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotive coloring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. For example, the words borrowed from French and Latin are more formal than native words. (3) Difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but different in usage in simple terms. For example, we use "allow sb. to do sth." and "let sb. do sth.".
2. What is the fundamental difference between the processes of radiation and concatenation? Illustrate your point.
Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The secondary meanings are independent of one another, but they can, all be traced back to the central meaning. If we give a graphic description of the meanings of "face", it would look very much like a wheel of the bicycle with the primary meaning standing in the centre and the other meanings standing around. Concatenation, meaning "linking together" , is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and the one that the term had in the beginning. In plain terms the meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, a third time and so on until in the end the original meaning is totally lost. Concatenation describes a process where each meaning is related only to its preceding one like chains.
3. What is the difference between prefixes and suffixes in function?
Prefixes are generally not used to change the word-class of stems but only modify its meaning. Suffixes are generally used to change the grammatical function of stems.
4. Study the following sentence and try to guess the meaning of the word in italics. Then explain what contextual clues help you work out the meaning. Carnivores are very dangerous. Not long ago, a tiger escaped from the zoo and killed a dog in the street and ate it.
The word in italics means "any of the typical flesh-eating mammals including dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons and cats broadly ". Its meaning can be guessed by means of example. In the sentence, "a tiger escaped from the zoo and killed a dog in the street and ate it. " is an example to help the readers understand the meaning of the word "carnivores".
Ⅴ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. To comment on the rhetorical use of homophones in the following ad: Seven days without 7-Up make one week.
The message is from "seven days make one week". The two words "week" and "weak" are homo-phones, i, e. , the two words share the same pronunciation. " Seven days" and "7-Up (seven-up) " both contain the same word "seven". So the sentence can remind people of the meaning: seven days without 7-Up make your body weak.
2. A ball rolled into the ball suddenly. Explain the meanings of the two "balls" in this sentence. Which kind of sense relation do they belong to? Give the explanation of their origins.
(1) The first "ball" means a round object to play with. The second "ball" means a dancing party. (2) They belong to homonyms. (3) The former was borrowed from "beallu" in Old English. The latter was borrowed from "baller" in French.