Section A Children model themselves largely on their parents. They do so 1 through identification. Children identify with a parent when they believe they have the qualities and feelings that are 2 of that parent. The things parents do and say—and the way they do and say to them— 3 strongly influence a child's behavior. However, parents must consistently 4 like the type of person they want their children to become. A parent's actions also affect the self-image that a child forms through identification. Children who see mainly positive qualities in their parents will likely learn to see themselves in a positive way. Children who 5 chiefly negative qualities in their parents will have difficulty seeing positive qualities in themselves. Children may modify their self-image, however, as they become increasingly influenced by peer groups' 6 before they reach 13. Isolated events, even dramatic ones, do not necessarily have a 7 effect on a child's behavior. Children interpret such events according to their 8 attitudes and previous training. Children who know they are loved can, for example, accept the divorce of their parents or a parent's early 9 . But if children feel unloved, they may interpret such events as a sign of 10 or punishment. A. behave B. established C. standards D. decline E. characteristics F. acceptance G. rejection H. observe I. therefore J. definite K. departure L. permanent M. engagement N. mainly O. meanwhile
Most people think of sharks as huge, powerful, frightening predators, ready at any moment to use their sharp teeth to attack swimmers. There are a lot of wrong ideas about sharks. First, there are about 350 11 of shark, and not all of them are large. They range in 12 from the dwarf shark, which can be only six inches long and can be held in the hand, to the whale shark, which can be more than 5 feet long. The second 13 of shark concerns its terrible teeth whose number and type can vary greatly among the different species of shark. A shark can have from one to seven 14 of teeth at the same time, and some types of shark can have several hundred teeth in each jaw. It is true that the cruel and predatory species do have 15 sharp teeth used to 16 and cut their victim apart, many other types of shark, however, have teeth more 17 to holding than to cutting. Finally, not all sharks are predatory animals ready to 18 out at humans. In fact, only 12 of the 350 species of shark have been known to attack humans, and a shark seldom 19 humans unless is made angry. The types of shark that have the worst record with humans are the tiger shark, the bull shark, and the great white shark. However, for most species of shark, even some of the largest types, there are no 20 instances of attacks on humans. A. attacks B. negotiate C. size D. declaration E. remote F. known G. misunderstanding H. notifying I. extremely J. species K. sets L. hence M. tear N. strike O. suitable
A. Astrology is the study of how the sun, the moon, planets, and stars are supposedly related to life and events on the earth. It is based on the belief that the heavenly bodies form patterns that can reveal a person's character or future. Many people throughout the world believe in astrology. These people base important decisions on the advice of an astrologer (a person who tells fortunes by studying the stars). Other people declare there is no scientific basis for astrology, and they consider it a form of entertainment. B. Astrology differs from astronomy. Astrology developed from a set of principles that originated more than 2,000 years ago. At that time, astronomy was also based on those same principles. But during the 1500's and 1600's, several astronomers, including Nicolaus Copernicus of Poland and Tycho Brahe of Denmark, made discoveries about the heavenly bodies that conflicted with the principles of astrology. As a result, astrology and astronomy became widely different in their methods and purposes. Today, astrologers observe the heavenly bodies to understand things that happen on the earth. Astronomers seek scientific knowledge about the various objects in space. C. The basic principle of astrology is that the heavenly bodies influence what happens on the earth. Astrologers learn about this influence by casting (drawing) a circular chart called a horoscope or birth chart. A horoscope shows the position of the planets in relation to both the earth and the stars at a certain time. In most cases, it shows the position of these bodies at the time of a person's birth. The system used by astrologers to cast a horoscope is based on a special view of the universe. This view involves four elements: the earth, the planets, the zodiac (黄道), and the houses. D. In casting a horoscope, astrologers place the earth at the center of the solar system. Therefore, all heavenly bodies revolve around the earth rather than around the sun. Astrologers use this arrangement to determine the positions of the heavenly bodies in relation to the earth. They believe that the study of the positions of the heavenly bodies can reveal a person's character and future. In astrology, the moon and the sun are considered planets, along with Jupiter, Mars, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Uranus, and Venus. Each planet supposedly represents a force that affects people in a certain way. Astrologers believe the planets influence a person more than any other heavenly bodies do. E. The zodiac is a band of stars that appear to encircle the earth. It is divided into 12 equal parts, called signs. Each sign of the zodiac has certain characteristics, which are determined by a particular planet and other factors. Astrologers believe the signs determine how the planets affect a person's character. The houses. Like the zodiac, the earth's surface is divided into 12 parts. Each of these parts, called houses, represents certain characteristics of an individual's life. Astrologers believe the houses determine how the planets and the signs influence a person's daily life. F. Astrology began sometime before 2000 B.C. in Babylonia (now southeastern Iraq). Astrologers of that time knew of five planets—Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Saturn and Venus. They believed that the sun, the moon, and planets sent out different forces, which had certain characteristics. For example, one of the planets—now known as Mars—appeared to be red. Astrologers linked it with anger, aggression and war. G. The zodiac was probably developed in ancient Egypt, and the Babylonians adopted it sometime after 1000 B.C. Astrologers gradually developed a system that linked seasonal changes with specific group of stars called constellations (星座). At that time, for example, heavy rainfall occurred in Babylonia when the sun was in a certain constellation. AS a result, astrologers named the constellation Aquarius, the water bearer. H. At first, astrologers studied the heavenly bodies in making general predictions about the future. But between 600 B.C. and 200 B.C., they developed the system of casting individual horoscopes (以占星术算命). The ancient Greeks and Romans practiced astrology and greatly influenced its development. The Roman names for the planets and the signs of the zodiac are still used today. I. Interest in astrology declined in Europe with the coming of Christianity as people sought guidance from religious leaders rather than from astrologers. Astrology regained popularity during the A.D. 1100's. By the 1600's, it was particularly strong in England. Several astrological (历书) were published, and many other books either defended or attacked astrology. The number of followers of astrology fell in England during the 1700's, but the subject's popularity returned again in the early 1800's. By the late 1800's and early 1900's, interest in astrology had spread to many other nations. Newspapers in England began publishing horoscope columns during the 1930's. Such columns soon appeared in newspapers throughout the world, and people became increasingly interested in astrology. Today, astrology is followed more widely than ever before. J. Many people believe astrology is simply a superstition, and scientists declare that its whole basis is unscientific. Scientists point out that the earth's position has changed in space since ancient times. As a result, the signs of the zodiac used by astrologers no longer match the constellations for which they were named. Some people who believe in astrology support it in terms of magnetic fields, solar storms and other natural occurrences. Others, though they also believe in astrology, claim that it cannot be supported scientifically. They consider it a set of powerful symbols that can provide a deep understanding of human beings. They defend astrology by pointing out that, in many cases, it works.
1. Astrologers hold the belief that the planets exert more influence on a person than other heavenly bodies do.
D
[解析] 题目主要讲行星和其他天体对人类的影响大小的比较,结合题目中的关键词influence,hold the belief可定位到D段最后一句。题目信息与该句语义一致,故选D。
2. Publishing horoscope columns in newspapers helped to make astrology spread across the world widely.
I
[解析] 根据关键词columns in newspapers,可推知时间比较靠近现代,故定位到I段,I段讲述的发展时间从A.D. 1100's一直到现在。该段倒数第2、3句表示20世纪30年代英国报纸上开始出现星座专栏并迅速传遍全世界,这与题目意思表达一致,故选I。
3. Whenever the sun was in the constellation Aquarius, it rained heavily in Babylonia.
4. The discoveries of heavenly bodies that were against the principles of astrology led to great differences between astrology and astronomy in their methods and purposes.
B
[解析] 根据关键词difference以及astrology and astronomy可以定位到B段,B段第4、5句表示,一些天文学家发现了与占星术原理相冲突的天体,结果占星术和天文学在其方法和目的上开始差距加大,题目信息与此相符,故选B。
5. Astrology is based on the conviction that the patterns the heavenly bodies form can tell a person's character or future.
10. It's believed by the astrologers that the houses determine how the planets and the signs influence a person's daily life.
E
[解析] 根据题目中的关键词believed,the houses,determine等关键信息可以定位到E段。E段倒数第2句介绍了宫的概念,而最后一句的Astrologers believe与题目的It's believed by the astrologers相对应,其后的宾语部分则与题目中的内容一致,故选E。
Secrets of Grade-A Parents
A. When Carey Graham started Grade One, he got a very special teacher. "She recognized my passion for learning," says the now 20-year-old. "Every morning we'd sit down with workbooks and do writing and math exercises. And any time during the day, she could always be counted on to read to me. She always encouraged me to learn all I could about everything." This extraordinary teacher was his morn, Jeanne Lambert, who homeschooled Graham until high school. He's now in his second year in the University of Toronto's Peace and Conflict Studies program, having received a provincial "Aiming for the Top" scholarship. Graham is considering a law degree or a master's in political science down the road. He attributes his academic success to the foundation laid by his parents. B. "You can't be a parent without being a teacher," says Bruce Arai, a professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario. "Perhaps the most important teaching in a child's life is done by his parents, not by some professional with certificates," he says. Homeschooling isn't about sitting your kids down in the kitchen and teaching them in the formal sense, says Arai, but about "making sure the resources and opportunities for learning are available to them." And that, any parent can do. Here, then, are some methods that parents who would never consider homeschooling can pick up from those who do. Lesson 1 Think Outside the Classroom C. When homeschooler Kerri Paquette, a mother of six, was building a house in Lansdowne, she saw it as a learning opportunity. "They learned math as we measured, about soil as we dug the foundation, about water while we did the plumbing, and about electricity when we did the electrical work. My children make the subjects come alive as much I do," says Paquette. Her kids, aged three to 13, continue to view the world as their classroom. They study food and plant growth through their organic garden. They learn about cows by talking to the neighboring farmers. And they learn math, measuring and science while helping Paquette cook. "The other day my nine-year-old, Maddison, started learning a new educational computer program. The section on fractions was all new, but she knew it from when we bake." Every activity, says Paquette, can include a lesson. Lesson 2 Eliminate Learning Limits D. A teacher with a class of 25 students can't continue a unit on, say, the body just because one child is still keen—but you can. "We don't have a time frame that restricts our investigations, and we don't have a daily schedule," says Linda Clement, who homeschools her two daughters in Victoria. When her 14-year-old showed an interest in the human body, the curious student read dozens of relevant books and surfed web sites. Janet's curiosity took her in all sorts of directions: a dictionary of poisons and antidotes, an encyclopedia of medicine, books about human personality and much more. E. The benefit to your child goes beyond a thorough knowledge of a subject. Studying deeply a topic builds independent research skills and a love of learning. "If my children are interested in a subject," says Clement, "we can go as far into the subject, answering as many questions as they have, for as long as is necessary. This freedom encourages their investigations." Lesson 3 Teach Your Kids Their Way F. Some children are visual learners (they absorb best when they see something), some are auditory (they need to hear it), some are kinesthetic (they need hands-on experience) and some are a combination. Uncovering how your child learns best will increase your effectiveness in helping him or her with schoolwork. Unsure of your child's learning style? Ask his teacher. G. The way Melissa Cowl's six children, aged three to 15, pick up on math highlights the great differences in learning styles. "Our ten-year-old, Matthew, needs everything in black and white: Tell him what to do and how to do it, and it's done," says the mother. "He had a math text that was too colorful, with a layout that was difficult to follow. I switched to a text that was more step-by-step, more concrete. Now he does math tests with no trouble. Our eight-year-old, Ryan, however, is very hands-on. For math, he uses a variety of colorful pens to figure out things like addition and fractions. He needs to see it and feel it. Not one of my kids learns the same way as the others." Lesson 4 Let Them See You Learn H. One of the best parts of homeschooling is that you can continue your own education—and your kids can see you doing it and pick up on your love of learning. The same principle can be applied by any parent. "Learning never ends," says Julia Goforth, a homeschooling mother of four. "We try new things all the time, whether I'm reading something new or we're all tasting foods we'd never normally eat." Reversing the roles also has benefits, giving kids a sense of pride in their own newfound knowledge. "Today my 12-year-old daughter, Denise, explained to me how she figured out a math problem. She'd wound up with the right answer, but I didn't understand how she managed it," says homeschooler Gina Rozon of La Ronge, Sask. "Our kids are teaching us all the time." I. Learning doesn't always go smoothly, for kids and adults alike, which is why it's important for children to see their parents struggle with something new. "My children watched me turn my life around by trying new things," says Goforth. "I went from being a fearful, stay-at-home mom to an adventurous artist's model and public speaker. Learning belly dance and play the violin is on my to-do list this year." Lesson 5 "Own" Your Children's Education J. "Helping them isn't about showing your kids how to do the work. It's about being genuinely interested and having regular conversations about what they're learning," says J. Gary Knowles, a professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. Rozon has many suggestions for how to get more involved. "Get to know the teacher. Discuss ways to design the assignments to your child's learning style. Spend time in the classroom. Ask for outlines of unit studies so you can find additional materials at the library or through videos. Read your child's textbooks: If you work a few pages ahead, you'll be able to help them with problems they encounter." K. Reading is another must, says Rozon. "Even after your children can read themselves, hearing somebody else read aloud is important. We nearly always bring a book wherever we go; we read for at least a haft hour before bedtime." The more engaged a parent is, the more the child benefits, adds Bruce Arai. "The evidence is clear. Parental involvement is one of the most important factors in school success. The hours children spend in class are but one element of their education."
11. Children who learn best from hands-on participation can be classified as kinesthetic learners.
12. Seeing their parents struggle with something new can make the children understand that learning doesn't always go smoothly.
I
[解析] 题目后半部分learning doesn't always go smoothly与I段的第1句吻合,属于第四课“让他们看见你学习”所表现的第二个方面:让孩子看到父母艰难学习新东西是很重要的,因此答案选I。
13. Matthew had difficulty with math when the math text was too colorful.
G
[解析] Matthew是作为例子来说明第三课“因材施教”的,文中只有G段提到Matthew这个人物。题目后半部分与G段第3句...a math text that was too colorful吻合。而该段第5句又表明换掉了花哨的数学课本而改用循序渐进的课本时,Matthew的数学测试“with no trouble”,这也可以从侧面反映出题目前半部分提到的had difficulty,故选G。
14. Graham thinks that his academic success is due to the foundation laid by his parents.
15. Parental engagement plays an important role in children's academic success.
K
[解析] 题目谈到Parental engagement,文中第5课与此相关,故可以将范围缩小至J段和K段。K段最后一句的Parental involvement对应题目中的主语.而其中的is one of...important factors则与题目的plays an important role in同义,故可知题目信息来源于此。
16. As for taking up homeschooling, it is suggested that the resources and chances for learning should be provided in homeschooling.
B
[解析] 根据题目的关键词resources and chances可以快速定位到B段第3句末尾,原文的resources and opportunities与之同义,题干的be provided则对应原文的are available to,故选B。
17. While providing homeschooling for children, parents can also continue their own education.
H
[解析] 跟“家庭教育”有关的信息主要出现在B段和H段。B段是大致介绍家庭教育的理念。而H段第1句则明确表明它的优点是——你能让你继续受教育(continue your own education)的同时,也会让孩子注意到你对学习的热爱。题目所述与此相同,故选H。
18. According to Rozon's suggestion, reading a few pages ahead of your children's textbooks enables you to help them with problems better.
J
[解析] Rozon主要出现在H段以及第五课的J、K段。快速浏览这几段,可以在J段最后一句找到题目中提到的a few pages和help...with problems等同,由此可知,题目信息来自于J段。
19. Getting a thorough knowledge of a particular subject can bring a lot of benefits to your child.
Passage One In order to host the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the IOC. After all proposals have been submitted, the IOC votes. If no city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues with successive rounds until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, allowing the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the site of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to stage the Games effectively. The IOC also considers which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. For instance, Tokyo, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico City, the host of the 1968 Summer Games, were chosen in part to popularize the Olympic movement in Asia and in Latin America. Because of the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into account the host city's time zone. Whenever the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay significantly higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events live in prime viewing hours. Once the Games have been awarded, it is the responsibility of the local organizing committee—not the IOC or the NOC of the host city's country—to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television revenues and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources, such as commemorative postage stamps or proceeds from a national lottery. In many cases there is also direct government support. Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially risky. When the proceeds from the Games were less than expected, the city was left with large debts.
1. During voting, the city ______ will win host of Olympics.
What makes Americans spend nearly half their food dollars on meals away from home? The answers lie in the way Americans live today. During the first few decades of the twentieth century, canned and other convenience foods freed the family cook from full-time duty at the kitchen range. Then, in the 1940s, work in the wartime defense plants took more women out of the home than ever before, setting the pattern of the working wife and mother. Today about half of the country's married women are employed outside the home. But, unless family members pitch in with food preparation, women are not fully liberated from that chore. Instead, many have become, in a sense, prisoners of the completely cooked convenience meals. It is easier to pick up a bucket of fried chicken on the way home from work or take the family out for pizzas or burgers than to start opening cans or heating up frozen dinners after a long, hard day. Also, the rising divorce rate means that there are more single working parents with children to feed. And many young adults and elderly people, as well as unmarried and divorced mature people, have been alone rather than as part of a family unit and don't want to bother cooking for one. Fast food is appealing because it is fast, it doesn't require any dressing up, it offers a "fun" break in the daily routine, and the expense of money seems small. It can be eaten in the car—sometimes picked up at a drive-in window without even getting out—or on the .run. Even ff it is brought home to eat, there will never be any dirty dishes to wash because of the handy disposable wrappings. Children, especially, love fast food because it is finger food, no struggling with knives and forks, no annoying instructions from adults about table manners.
6. Americans enjoy fast food now mainly because ______.
8. People who live alone prefer not to cook at home on the ground that ______.
A.they are too busy working to think of cooking
B.they consider cooking for one person is too troublesome
C.they think eating outside from time to time is enjoyable
D.they want to share every meal with the friends
A B C D
B
解题的关键是理解第3段结尾的and don't want to bother cooking for one,虽然文中并无使用明显的解释因果关系的词语,但and事实上表明了隐含的因果关系,引出的并列句解释了上文提到的独居者不愿自己做饭的原因。选项A、C、D并无原文依据。
9. According to the passage, a drive-in window is ______.
A.a car window from which you can see the driver
B.a window in the restaurant from which you get your takeout in the car
C.a place where you can buy unprepared food back home to cook
D.an entrance where you return the used plates after eating
A B C D
B
从文中最后一段第2句中的without even getting out可以推断出,drive-in window是一个不用下车就能买到快餐食品的地方。本题最具干扰性的是选项C,但是原文中提到在车上吃的快餐应该是已经做好的,选项C中的unprepared food back home to cook与原文正好相反,由此可判断选项C不正确。
10. The expression "pitch in with" (Line 2, Para. 2) probably means ______.
A.complain
B.enjoy
C.help
D.deny
A B C D
C
原句表达的意思是:除非其他家庭成员……,否则妇女并不能完全从那种琐事中解放出来。将四个选项逐一代入原句,可发现只有选项C的意思合适,可见pitch in with在这里的意思是“帮忙……”。
Passage Two Although many of us may feel air-conditioners bring relief from hot, humid or polluted outside air, they pose many potential health hazards. Much research has looked at how the movement of air inside a closed environment—such as an office building—can spread disease or expose people in the building to harmful chemicals. One of the more widely publicized dangers is that of Legionnaire's disease, which was first recognized in the 1970s. This was found to have affected people in buildings with air-conditioning systems in which warm air pumped out of the system's cooling towers was somehow sucked back into the air intake (通风口), in most cases due to poor design. The warm air, filled with bacteria, was combined with cooled, conditioned air and was then circulated around various parts of the building. Studies showed that even people outside such buildings were at risk if they walked past air exhaust pipes. Large air-conditioning systems add water to the air they circulate by means of humidifiers (温度调节器). In older systems, the water used for this process is kept in special reservoirs, the bottoms of which provide breeding grounds for bacteria which can find their way into the ventilation (通风) system. The risk to human health from this situation has been highlighted by the fact that the immune systems of approximately haft of workers in air-conditioned office buildings have developed the ability to fight off the organisms found at the bottom of system reservoirs. But chemicals called "biocides" are added to reservoirs to make them germ-free, and they are dangerous in their own right in sufficient quantities, as they often contain compounds strongly linked to cancers. Finally, it should be pointed out that the artificial climatic environment created by air-conditioners can also affect us. In a natural environment, whether indoor or outdoor, there are small variations in temperature and humidity. Indeed, the human body has long been accustomed to these normal changes. In an air-conditioned living or work environment, however, body temperatures remain well under 37℃, our normal temperature. This leads to a weakened immune system and thus greater exposure to diseases such as colds and flu.
1. What do we know about Legionnaire's disease from the passage?
A.It was the most widely concerned office hazard.
B.It can affect people both inside and outside the building.
C.It happens only in air-conditioned office buildings.
Argentina (land of silver) was given its name by 16th-century explorers who believed the country was rich in silver mines. The hopes of the explorers soon vanished when they discovered that the beautiful silver ornaments (装饰品) worn by the Indians came from distant Peru. Though rich in many resources, the so-called land of silver proved relatively poor in minerals of any kind, but its descriptive name has endured. When people think of Argentina, the image that comes at once to mind is that of the Gaucho on his horse, riding across the treeless Pampa. The ability of the Gaucho to survive in a hostile land and his skill in mastering the horse and using the animal for his own purposes were extraordinary. Notable, too, were the Gaucho's special features of character—indifference to material possessions combined with a natural warmth and friendliness. The skull of a cow often served him as a chair, but his strong instinct for hospitality led him to offer a stranger his hut with all the expansiveness of a great gentleman opening his manor (庄园) house. Mounted on his horse, the Gaucho felt himself lord of the world, free to go in any direction he pleased without being subjected to the will of any other person. The Gaucho became characteristic of the Argentine people. If at first his name conveyed the idea of a tramp (流浪汉) or wild rustic (乡巴佬), it soon came to indicate his positive qualities—his cleverness, fine horsemanship, bravery, loyalty, and generosity. The phrase "to be a gaucho" or "to be very gaucho" soon became phrases of good sense. Today the expression "to make a gauchada" means that one does a favor through friendship, with no thought of personal gain. The influence of the Gaucho and the impact of his way of life on the habits of future generations of Argentines cannot be overlooked. Many Argentine customs and traditions stem from the way of life of the people of the Pampa.
6. What can we know about the origin of Argentina from the first paragraph?
A.The name was given because the land was rich in silver mines.
B.The explorers gave the land this name by mistake.
C.The explorers were disappointed with the poor resources in Argentina
D.When the land was discovered, Indians from Peru lived there.
A B C D
B
根据第1段前两句可知,取这个名字是误会造成的,选项B正确。选项A与第1段最后一句相反。选项C与第1段最后一句的rich in many resources冲突。第2句只提到当地印第安人的饰品来自秘鲁,但并没有指出来自秘鲁的印第安人是否居住在阿根廷,选项D歪曲了原文的意思。