[解析] W: The deadline for the sociology and computer courses is the day after tomorrow. M: But I haven't decided which courses to take yet. Q: What are the man and the woman talking about?
2.
A.The man will probably have to find a roommate.
B.The man is unlikely to live in the suburbs.
C.The man will probably have to buy a ear.
D.The man is unlikely to find exactly what he desires.
A B C D
D
[解析] M: I'm looking for an apartment with a monthly rent to around 200 dollars in this neighborhood. Can you give me some advice on that? W: Well, it's rather hard to find anything for less than 300 dollars around here. Rents are lower in the suburbs, but you'll need transportation if you choose to live there. Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
3.
A.Painting a picture.
B.Hosting a program.
C.Designing a studio.
D.Faking a photograph.
A B C D
B
[解析] W: Well, tonight we have Professor Brown in the studio to talk about his recent book- Fashion Images. Good evening, professor. M: Good evening, and thank you for inviting me here this evening. Q: What is the woman doing?
4.
A.The woman doesn't think it a problem to get her passport renewed.
B.The woman has difficulty renewing her passport.
C.The woman hasn't renewed her passport yet.
D.The woman's passport is still valid.
A B C D
C
[解析] M: Have you run up against any problems in getting your passport renewed? W: I haven't started applying yet. Q: What do we know from the conversation?
5.
A.A prediction of the future of mankind.
B.A new drug that may benefit mankind.
C.An opportunity for a good job.
D.An unsuccessful experiment.
A B C D
B
[解析] M: I must point out that trials of new medicine are expensive, and you can never guarantee success. W: But there is a very good chance in this case. I do hope you will go ahead in view of the potential benefit to mankind. Q: What are the two speakers talking about?
B.Students usually take an active part in a lecture.
C.More knowledge is covered in a lecture.
D.There is a larger group of people interested in lessons.
A B C D
A
[解析] W: What's the difference between a lesson and a lecture? M: Well, they are both ways of imparting knowledge, but the main difference is that you participate in a lesson whereas you just listen to a lecture. A lecture is generally given to a much larger group. Q: What does the man mean?
7.
A.Neither of their watches keeps good time.
B.The woman's watch stopped 3 hours ago.
C.The man's watch goes too fast.
D.It's too dark for the woman to read her watch.
A B C D
B
[解析] W: It's awfully dark for 4 o'clock. Do you think it's going to rain? M: You'd better do something about that watch of yours. It must have stopped hours ago. Mine says 7. Q: What conclusion can we draw from this conversation?
8.
A.She's proud of being able to do many things at the same time.
B.She is sure to finish all the things in a few hours.
C.She dreams of becoming a millionaire someday.
D.She's been kept extremely busy.
A B C D
D
[解析] M: You are looking a little overwhelmed. W: Exactly. You know I got a million things to do and all of them have to be finished within 3 hours. Q: What does the woman mean?
9.
A.He wants his students to be on time for class.
B.He doesn't allow his students to tell jokes in class.
C.He is always punctual for his class.
D.He rarely notices which students are late.
A B C D
C
[解析] M: Ah — ah, looks like I'm going to be a little late for class. I hope Professor Clark doesn't start on time today. W: Are you kidding? You can set your watch by the time he starts his class. Q: What can be inferred about Professor Clark?
10.
A.He is nervous about the exam.
B.He is looking for a job.
C.He doesn't dare to tell lies.
D.He doesn't know how to answer the questions.
A B C D
B
[解析] M: I'm both excited and nervous about the job interview this afternoon. W: Take it easy. Just wear tidy and clean clothes and respond truthfully to inquiries. Remember, honesty is the best policy. Q: What do we learn about the man?
Section B
Passage One Questions 11 to 14 are based on the passage you have just heard.
D.Her family would like to see her more involved in social life.
A B C D
C
[解析] 11-14 Jane Brown has been married for 12 years. She has three children and lives in the suburb outside Columbus, Ohio. When her youngest child reached school age, Jane decided to go back to work. She found that she should contribute to the household finances. Her salary .could make a difference between a financial struggle and a secure financial situation for her family. Jane was also felt bored and frustrated in her role as a homemaker and wanted to be more involved in life outside her home. Jane was worried about her children's adjustment to this new situation, but she arranged for them to go stay with a woman nearby after school each afternoon. They seemed to be happy with the arrangement. The problem seemed to be between Jane and her husband Bill. When Jane was at home all day, she was able to clean the house, go grocery shopping, wash the clothes, take care of the children and cook two or three meals each day. She was very busy, of course, but she succeeded in getting every- thing done. Now the same things need to be done, but Jane has only evenings and early mornings to do them. Both Jane and Bill are tired when they arrived home at 6 p.m, Bill's accustomed to sitting down and reading the paper or watching TV until dinner's ready. This is exactly what Jane feels like doing, but someone has to fix dinner, and Bill expects it to be Jane. Jane is be- coming very angry at Bill's attitude. She feels that they should share the household jobs, but Bill feels that everything should be the same as it was before Jane went back to work. 11.Why did Jane want to go back to work?
2.
A.Doing housework.
B.Looking after her neighbor's children.
C.Reading papers and watching TV.
D.Taking good care of her husband.
A B C D
A
[解析] How did Jane spend her days before she went back to work?
3.
A.Jane got angry at Bill's idle life.
B.Bill failed to adapt to the new situation.
C.Bill blamed Jane for neglecting the family.
D.The children were not taken good care of.
A B C D
B
[解析] What problem arose when Jane went back to work?
4.
A.Neighbors should help each other.
B.Women should have their own careers.
C.Man and wife should share household duties.
D.Parents should take good care of their children.
A B C D
C
[解析] What does the story try to tell us?
Passage Two Questions 15 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.
A.To predict natural disasters that can cause vast destruction.
B.To limit the destruction that natural disasters may cause.
C.To gain financial support from the United Nations.
D.To propose measures to hold back natural disasters.
A B C D
B
[解析] 15-17 The decade for natural disaster reduction is a program designed to reduce the impact of natural disasters throughout the world. With support from the United Nations, countries will be encouraged to share information about disaster reduction, for instance, information about how to plan for and cope with hurricanes, earthquakes and other natural disasters. One of the most important things the program plans to do is to remind us of what we can do to protect ourselves, for example, we can pack a suitcase with flashlights, a radio, food, drinking water and some tools. This safety kit may help us survive a disaster until help arrives. Besides, the program will encourage governments to establish building standards, emergency response plans and training programs. These measures can help to limit the destruction by natural disasters. The comparatively mild effects of the Northern California Earthquake in. 1989 are good evidence that we do have the technology to prevent vast destruction. The recent disasters, on the other hand, prove that people will suffer if we don't use that technology. When a highway collapsed in northern California, people were killed in their cars. The highway was not built according to today's strict standards to resist earthquakes. Individuals and governments have to be farsighted. We should take extra time and spend extra money to build disaster safety into our lives. Although such a program can't hold back the winds or stop earthquakes, they can save people's lives and homes. 15.What is the purpose of the program mentioned in this passage?
2.
A.There is still a long way to go before man can control natural disasters.
B.International cooperation can minimize the destructive force of natural disasters.
C.Technology can help reduce the damage natural disasters may cause.
D.Scientists can successfully predict earthquakes.
A B C D
C
[解析] What can we learn from the Northern California Earthquake in 1989?
3.
A.There were fatal mistakes in its design.
B.The builder didn't observe the building codes of the time.
C.The traffic load went beyond its capacity.
D.It was built according to less strict earthquake-resistance standards.
A B C D
D
[解析] Why did the highway in northern California collapse?
Passage Three Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
A.By judging to what extent they can eliminate the risks.
B.By estimating the possible loss of lives and property.
C.By estimating the frequency of volcanic eruptions.
D.By judging the possible risks against the likely benefits.
A B C D
D
[解析] 18-20 Living at the foot of one of the world's most active volcanoes might not appeal to you at all. But believe it or not, the area surrounding Mount Etna in Italy is packed with people. In fact, it is the most densely populated region on the whole Island of Sicily. The reason is that rich volcanic soil makes the land fantastic for farming. By growing and selling a variety of crops, local people earn a good living. For them, the economic benefit they reap surpasses the risk of dying or losing property in one of the volcano's frequent eruptions. People everywhere make decisions about risky situations this way, that is, by comparing the risks and the benefits. According to the experts, the size of the risk depends on both its probability and seriousness. Let's take Mount Etna for example: it does erupt frequently, but those eruptions are usually minor, so the overall risk for people living nearby is relatively small. But suppose Mount Etna erupts every day, or imagine that each eruption there killed thousands of people. If that were the ease, the risk would be much larger. Indeed, the risk would be too large for many people to live with, and they would have to move away. 18.How would people make decisions about risky situations?
2.
A.One of Etna's recent eruptions made many people move away.
B.Etna's frequent eruptions have ruined most of the local farmland.
C.Etna's eruptions are frequent but usually mild.
D.There are signs that Etna will erupt again in the near future.
A B C D
C
[解析] What do we know about Mount Etna from the passage?
3.
A.They will remain where they are.
B.They will leave this area for ever.
C.They will turn to experts for advice.
D.They will seek shelter in nearby regions.
A B C D
A
[解析] What will people living near Mount Etna do in the face of its eruptions?
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Passage One When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance (异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago. As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past-and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet's environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years. Most important, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (录长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it. The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign (宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years-during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared-is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth's climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future-even without the influence of human activity.
1. Fanning emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged __________.
A.to give up his former way of life
B.to leave the coastal areas
C.to follow the ever-shifting vegetation
D.to abandon his original settlement
A B C D
A
辨认事实题。题目询问因为人类被迫_______,农业才会作为一种生存策略而出现。文章第1段提到“After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction,people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease.The adaptation was farming(人类在将其周围的许多种动物逼向濒临灭绝的境地之后,也被迫放弃他们已导致饥荒、疾病的旧有生活方式而选择全新的求生策略。这种策略就是农业)”。[A]与文章的意思相符合。
2. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate __________.
A.is going through a fundamental change
B.has been getting warmer for 10,000 years
C.will eventually change from hot to cold
D.has gone through periodical changes
A B C D
D
辨认事实题。题目询问地球科学家逐步’了解到气候_______。文章第2段提到“Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet's environment from hot to cold,wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years(研究者已经开始综合出一幅有关强大的地质和天文力量发生作用的说明性的图片,在过去的几百万年中,这两种力量结合在一起改变着地球的环境:从炎热到寒冷,从潮湿到干燥,如此反复,循环不止)”,[D]与文章的意思一致,因而正确。
3. Scientists believe that human evolution __________.
A.has seldom been accompanied by climatic changes
B.has exerted little influence on climatic changes
C.has largely been affected by climatic changes
D.has had a major impact on climatic changes
A B C D
C
辨认事实题。题目询问科学家相信人类进化_______。文章第3段提到“Most important,scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution(最重要的是,科学家已经开始意识到气候的变化对人种的进化有着主要的影响。现在新的研究表明几乎在人类进化的每一个重大的转折时期天气变化都起着关键的作用)”,所以人类进化受到气候变化的影响。因此,[C]正确。
4. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that __________.
A.human activities have accelerated changes of Earth's environment
B.Earth's environment will remain mild despite human interference
C.Earth's climate is bound to change significantly in the future
D.Earth's climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future
A B C D
C
辨认事实题。题目询问过去天气变化的证据表明了________。文章最后一段提到“In fact,the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth's climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity(事实上,过去气候变化的模式表明地球的气候在将来肯定会经历重大的变化——即使是没有人类活动的影响)”,因此,[C]与文章所表达的意思一致。
5. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that __________. A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changes B} mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climate C) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming process D) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature
A B C D
B
主旨题。题目询问在这篇文章中作者希望表达的主题是________。全文围绕气候变化给人类带来的影响这一中心,而文章最后一句内容“Earth’s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity (地球气候几乎注定要在将来发生巨大的变化——甚至无须人类的干预)”,说明人类无力改变自然,[B]为正确答案。[C]意思正好相反,[A]文中未对“human civilization”作评价,[D]具干扰性,但原文并未提及人类社会发展与自然变化的关系。
Passage Two No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess (公爵夫人) of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue. The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, l have been on a diet for the better-or worse-part of my life. Being rich wouldn't be bad either, but that won't happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars. Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain clays when people refrain from eating and excessive eating is one of Christianity's seven deadly sins. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being. Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fat-or even only somewhat overweight-is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength. Our obsession (迷恋) with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being over-weight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem-too much fat and a lack of fiber-than a weight problem. The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory (虚荣).
1. In the eyes of the author, an odd phenomenon nowadays is that __________.
A.the Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtue
B.looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortune
C.being thin is viewed as a much desired quality
D.religious people are not necessarily virtuous
A B C D
C
推断题。题目询问在作者的眼里,当今的这种奇特的现象是_________。在文章第1段,作者指出“Being thin is deemed as such a virtue(瘦被认为是这样的一种美德)”;而在第4段,作者又提到“We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue(我们已经把瘦当成是一种新的美德标志)”,故[C]正确。
2. Swept by the prevailing trend, the author __________.
A.had to go on a diet for the greater part of her life
B.could still prevent herself from going off the track
C.had to seek help from rich distant relatives
D.had to wear highly fashionable clothes
A B C D
A
辨认事实题。题目询问在流行趋势的驱使下;作者________。文章第2段提到“I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes。Consequently,I have been on a diet for the better—or worse—part of my life(我自己也幻想能穿上窄小的名牌衣服。因此,为了我的生活中更好的——亦或更差的——方面,我也节食)”。因此,[A]正确。
3. In human history, people's views on body weight __________.
A.were closely related to their religious beliefs
B.changed from time to time
C.varied between the poor and the rich
D.led to different moral standards
A B C D
B
推断题。题目询问在人类历史上,人们对体重的观点_________。文章第3段和第4段“When did eating butter become a sin,and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing,if not repellent?(什么时候吃黄油成了罪过,多长点肉也即使不令人排斥也没有什么吸引力?)”和“in some religious groups,wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being.Today the opposite is true.We have shitted to thinness as our new mark of virtue (某些宗教团体曾经认为富裕是超度和高道德的象征,而肥胖是富有和幸福的标志。而今天却反过来了:我们把苗条看成是新的美德的标志了)”说明看法是变化的,所以[B]正确。
4. The author criticizes women's obsession with thinness __________.
A.from an economic and educational perspective
B.from sociological and medical points of view
C.from a historical and religious standpoint
D.in the light of moral principles
A B C D
B
推断题。题目询问作者从_________批评了妇女迷恋瘦的观点。文章的第4段和第5段提到“The result is that being fat—or even only somewhat overweight—is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength.Our obsession(迷恋)with thinness is also fueled by health concerns(结果是肥胖,甚至是有些超重都被认为是坏的因为它意味着缺乏精神上的力量。我们对瘦的迷恋得到了健康考虑的支持)”,因此可看出,作者是从社会学和医学的角度批评了人们的观点,所以[B]正确。
5. What's the author's advice to women who are absorbed in the idea of thinness?
A.They should be more concerned with their overall life style.
B.They should be more watchful for fatal diseases.
C.They should gain weight to look healthy.
D.They should rid themselves of fantasies about designer clothes.
A B C D
A
推断题。题目询问对那些迷恋瘦的妇女作者的建议是_______。文章第6段提到“It is actually hazardous if those who get(or already are)thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style(如果那些瘦的人认为她们自然会很健康,因此也不用注意她们整个的生活方式,事实上这会是很危险的)”,由此可推断她们应该多注意她们的生活方式,[A]符合题意。
Passage Three War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality (守卫地盘的天性) are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate (天生的) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical (道德上的) patterns within which human violence has been directed. The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system be- comes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycles of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their recommitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community's deepest religious and ethical commitments.
1. Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that __________.
A.it threatens the existing social systems
B.it is influenced by society
C.it has roots in religious conflicts
D.it is directed against institutions of law
A B C D
B
推断题。题目询问在________方面人类暴力表现出是一种后天习得的行为的迹象。文章第1段提到“The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior(人类暴力的很多宣泄方式总是受社会惯例所制约,而社会惯例导致了侵略行为的形成)”,由此可推断人类暴力是受社会影响的。故选[B]。
2. The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is __________.
A.to control violence within a society
B.to protect the world from chaos
C.to free society from the idea of revenge
D.to give the government absolute power
A B C D
A
推断题。题目询问根据这篇文章,立法体系的功能是________。文章第2段提到“The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law(一个社会的暴力行为是由法律制度控制的)”,由此可推断,立法体系的功能是控制社会中的暴力。因此,[A]与文章所表达的意思一致。
3. What does the author mean by saying "... in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused" ( Line 5, Para. 2 )
A.Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.
B.Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.
C.Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.
D.Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.
A B C D
D
推断题。题目询问作者说“in legal systems,the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and dif- fused”这句话意思是________。文章第2段提到“The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence.In cases where they cannot be protected,the society is responsible for imposing punishment.In a state controlled legal system,individuals are removed from the cycles of revenge motivated by acts of violence(社会承担保护个人免受暴力袭击的责任。如果社会保护不了个人,它会承担实施惩罚的责任。个人已被排除在由暴力行为引起的复仇圈之外)”,由此可推断,惩罚并不是由有关的个人直接实施的。因此[D]正确。
4. The word "allegiance" ( Line 5, Para. 3 ) is closest in meaning to " __________".
A.loyalty
B.objective
C.survival
D.motive
A B C D
A
推断题。题目询问allegiance这个词和__________的意思最接近。文章最后一段提到“it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their recommitment,allegiance,and supreme sacrifice(战争是国家向其人民发出非常强大的号召,要求人民付出自己的责任、allegiance和最大牺牲的时刻)”。根据上下文可推断[A]“忠诚,忠心”与责任、牺牲的意思平行,因此与allegiance意义最接近。
5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A.Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.
B.In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.
C.In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.
D.Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.
A B C D
D
推断题。题目询问从文章的最后一段我们可以学到些什么。文章最后一段提到“While the one protects the individual from violence,the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state(然而一方,即指立法机构,保护个人免受暴力的袭击,另一方,即指军事机构,则会为了国家的利益牺牲个人的利益)”,由此可推断战时政府会为了国家的利益牺牲个人的利益。因此[D]正确。
Passage Four Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied. In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved. How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study, the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by 'studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.
1. According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to __________.
A.be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures
B.view them from their own cultural perspective
C.guard against interference from their own culture
D.accept readily what is alien to their own culture
A B C D
B
辨认事实题。题目询问文章第1段,不熟悉目标文化的研究者会做_________。在文章的开篇作者就指出“Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture (不熟悉他们所研究的文化和民族的研究者必须非常谨慎,以避免受本民族文化所带来的任何偏见)”,也就是说他们必须特别警惕受到本民族文化的干扰。因此可以推断出,这些研究者极易受自身文化所带来的偏见的影响,须特别谨慎才能避免,故选 [B]。注意[C]说他们倾向于警惕自己的文化偏见,正与原文含义相反。
2. What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?
A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.
B.The former is biased while the latter is objective.
C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.
D.They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.
A B C D
A
推断题。题目询问作者对emic approach和etic approach这两种方法的看法。文章第2段提到“In the emic approach,the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group,without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach,the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can he made across cultures (emic approach描述一种文化或民族的行为,该行为只对该文化或民族的人们意义重大;而etic approach描述的则是对各种文化都能起作用的具有普遍意义的行为)”由此可推断这两种方法有不同的侧重点。因此[A]正确。
3. Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more __________.
4. The etic approach is concerned with __________.
A.the general characteristics of minority families
B.culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groups
C.features shared by various cultures or ethnic groups
D.the economic conditions of different types of families
A B C D
C
辨认事实题。题目询问etic approach关注_________。文章第2段提到“In the etic approach,the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures (etic approach描述的是对各种文化都能起作用的具有普遍意义的行为)”,所以研究的是共性,选[C]。
5. Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U. S. according to the passage?
A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.
B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.
C.They don't interact with each other so much as White families.
D.They have closer family ties than White families.
A B C D
D
辨认事实题。题目询问根据这篇文章,以下哪一个描述美国少数民族家庭的陈述是正确的。文章最后一段提到“the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families(研究者可能会发现与白人家庭相比,少数民族家庭中的大家庭常常是一种相互支撑力量)”,由此可得出,[D]正确。
Part Ⅲ Vocabulary
1. It was __________ that the restaurant discriminated against black customers.
28. Individual sports are run by over 370 independent governing bodies whose functions usually include __________ rules, homing events, selecting national teams and promoting international links.
Part Ⅳ Error Correction A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some cities have lost their original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is S1.___________ going to attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of prosperity S2. ___________ which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were on the edge of seventeenth- S3. ___________ century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is the scale. S4. ___________ Descriptions written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, are very S5. ___________ dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City today — the poor can still be S6. ___________ numbered in millions. The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies S7. ___________ two myths: the myth of the city as a promised land, that attracts immigrants S8. ___________ from rural poverty and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of S9. ___________ the country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, sends them S10. ___________ flooding out again to the suburbs.
[解析] 句子原文根本不符合英语语法,意思也讲不通,从上下文可以猜测这句话大约是“不同的只是落后城镇的规模”。将This改为What,引导主语从句,表示“所……的”,例如:What you heard about is different from what I saw.(你所听说的和我看到的不同。)有的参考书上将is the scale改为in the scale,这是不正确的。因为这样改的话,主语this应该指代前面的整句话,句意就与前文矛盾了。
[解析] 从破折号后面的解释性的句子the poor can still be numbered in millions可以看出,两种描述是相似性,dissimilar是与上下文相矛盾的,这句话意思是“18世纪的游客对墨西哥城内穷人的描述和当时那里存在的巨大的贫富差距和今天的墨西哥很类似:现今仍然有数以百万计的穷人”。
[解析] 该处用副词作时间状语。late作副词,意为“迟,晚”,例如:I get up late.late也有“晚期的,末期的”之义,例如:This is a project he undertakes late in his career.而later作副词,意为“后来,……之后”,例如:It begins to rain some time later.而在此表示“几代人之后”。
Part Ⅴ Writing Directions:For this part, you are alowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words ;and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:
The chart above tells us the weekly hours a college student spends on computers in the last decade of the 20th century. In 1990, less than two hours were spent on computers. The number doubled in 1995. And in 2000, the average hours increased dramatically to almost 20 hours. Several reasons account for the rapid change. In the early or even mid-90s; computers were not so popular and people didn't fully realize their importance. Now computers have found their way into companies, schools and even homes and have become an essential part of our modern society. Computers enable us to handle our affairs effectively; reliable computer applications are crucial to business. Once computers are connected to the Internet, people all over the world can easily communicate with one another; the Internet has become a major source of in- formation. The drop of prices also contributes to the change. With the development of technology, computers become much cheaper now than ten years ago. More students can afford them, and therefore can use them freely. But some problems also arise. Some students spend much time playing computer games and they pay no attention to their studies; some students would rather chat with others than explore information on the Internet. This will do harm to them. In a word, computers become very popular among students now, and how to make full use of them has caused much discussion among people.