Section A Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Why Women Are Judged for Not Having Children?
The role of women, even constitutionally, has been to be in the home, care-giving, produce children and so on. For centuries women who produce many children have been 1 and considered good, productive, "valuable". Women who do not have children, 2 , for whatever reason, generally been 3 to be of lesser value. When we consider the historical context, from 4 to land labourers, we see that it has long been thus. The 5 of continuing the bloodline is an old one that is still with us. And the end of a bloodline is still perceived by some as somehow tragic. The fact that there are more options available to women now is, ironically, causing. 6 difficulties for many. On the one hand we are encouraged to have careers, 7 in those careers, but also be sure to have a family before it's "too late". We are now encouraged to do both, not 8 to choose. Ideally, we do both. And so there are a lot of very tired and stretched and dissatisfied women out there who cannot understand why they feel so 9 and unsupported. This "doing-of-both" is not supported very well. There is not a sense of 10 for many women out there as a result of these "choices". For many it's merely a source of anxiety, at its root is merely sense of "more to do". A. awful B. considerable C. conversely D. equality E. equation F. excel G. fruitful H. necessarily I. notion J. parcel K. perceived L. respected M. richness N. royalty O. unlikely
1.
L
[解析] 根据空格前的have been和空格后的and considered good,productive...可以判断,此处需要填入一个动词的过去分词形式,表中性或积极意义。备选词汇中respected(尊敬)符合此处语境,故选L。
[参考译文]
[解析] 根据空格前的介词from和空格后的to land labourers可以判断,此处需填入一个名词的复数形式,与land labourers一样都是表示某一类特定的人,且与land labourers有对比之意。备选词汇中royalty(王室成员)符合此处语境,故选N。
5.
I
[解析] 根据空格前的定冠词The和空格后的介词短语of continuing the bloodline可以判断,此处需要填入一个名词作为该句的主语。句中的an old one为表语,用来说明主语的特征,也说明空格处需要填入的名词须为可数名词的单数形式。备选词汇中parcel意为“包裹”,不符合此处语境,故排除。notion意为“观念”,用在此处语义通顺,故选I。The notion of continuing the bloodline即“传宗接代的观念”。
[解析] 根据空格前的a sense of和空格后的for many women可以判断,此处需要填入一个抽象名词与a sense of搭配使用。备选词汇中只有equality(平等,同等)符合此处语境,a sense of equality意为“平等的意识”,故选D。equation看似与equality意义接近,实际上equation指的是“等同,相等”,用在此处语义不通,故排除。
Section B Directions:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may Choose a paragraph more than once.
Do vegans live longer than meat-eaters?
A. Within the past decade, the vegan (纯素食的) lifestyle has been indicated as a cure-all for a number of minor illnesses and issues, both on a global and micro scale. From your gut microbiome (微生物群) to the coral reefs, advocates of a vegan approach can be quick to suggest the narrative that veganism can solve the problem of the moment. But is this true when it comes to the condition of human aging? Do vegans live longer than meat-eaters? B. No diet can promise to halt the aging process, but there are plenty of lifestyle changes that have been more or less proven to help prevent diseases and keep you healthier for longer. When it comes to a vegan diet, it may depend on what sort of foods the diet consists of. One that contains plenty of minimally processed whole foods and vegan sources of protein is likely to be better than processed meat substitutes. So, whether you're vegan or you're just curious about whether or not to believe the hype (大肆宣传), we're here to try and get to the bottom of things. C. A vegan diet is one where you can't eat anything derived from an animal, including meat, dairy and eggs. While some vegans do eat honey, some choose not to, as it technically is the byproduct (副产品) of a living creature. There are also plenty of other elements that come into play when considering veganism as a lifestyle, including approaches on byproducts like gelatin (明胶), make-up and hygiene (卫生) products, and plenty more. D. While veganism is a personal choice and a lifestyle with which everyone has their own unique relationship, the main principles center around living a cruelty-free life and eating plant-derived foods. However, this doesn't mean sticking to strictly fruits and vegetables. You can essentially find any food in vegan form: from sushi (寿司) to the best vegan protein powders, to burgers. If there are so many ways to be a vegan, what does this mean for health, wellness and longevity? E. Amid the many claims about the positive impact on plant-based living on human health and nutrition, the idea that vegans live longer on average persists. Brooke Jacob, a registered dietitian (营养师) and program manager with ChristianaCare says: "Vegan diets have been linked to the reduction of risk for multiple chronic (慢性的) health conditions associated with heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, and obesity. Due to its potential disease prevention links, it is not surprising that vegans may live longer, as following a vegan diet is linked to reduced occurrence of chronic disease. However, more research is needed to definitively conclude that vegans live longer than non-vegans." F. One study from JAMA Internal Medicine Journal found that vegans have a 9% lower risk of death from all causes compared with omnivores (杂食者), and another study from that same source suggests as high as 12%. However, a study from The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that although veganism can lower rates of certain chronic diseases, it was inconclusive as to whether this translated to an impact on mortality (死亡率). This doesn't necessarily mean it's impossible, but it has yet to be proven with further evidence. G. Interestingly, it seems that there are plenty of vegans who stay lively and healthy much longer than average, and there are a few reasons why this might be. While eating a healthy diet overall helps, there are other lifestyle habits that are more present in health-conscious individuals, which might be more prevalent in the vegan community. Eating whole foods, exercising, drinking enough water, along with other important health habits are common among vegans, especially those who focus on health as the primary motivator for their plant-based lifestyle. The most important thing to focus on when it comes to nutrition and longevity is eating a balanced diet with enough nutrients, which is possible on a vegan diet. H. "The key piece of the puzzle with all diets is to stick with a good variation of the foods you consume," says Jacob. "That way, you ensure that you get a variety of nutrients to help meet your needs. Consuming a vegan diet that offers an abundance of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans and nuts will help you maintain optimal nutrition. It's also wise to consider adding proper supplements to the diet, and to ensure that you meet your iron, calcium, vitamin B12 and vitamin D needs, depending on what foods you choose not to consume." I. Again, whether or not veganism is the common point for longevity is tough to say, especially because studies are subject to other variables of human life. It's also important to note that this approach requires a commitment to veganism in the long term. J. "The duration of time in which people stick to vegan diets, or other diets, is dependent upon the goals they set and their readiness to embrace change," says Jacob. "A vegan diet can be sustainable if the person is ready to change, focused on their goals and views their diet as more of a lifestyle change instead of simply a 'diet'". K. Although there's subjective evidence to suggest that a vegan diet may carry you to your centennial (一百周年) and beyond, diet, exercise and personal wellness are highly specific things. While there is some scientific research to suggest that going vegan and eating less animal protein can help to prevent diseases, the evidence is still lacking in terms of cold, hard numbers on longevity in particular. However, this doesn't mean that a vegan diet won't help you live longer. If you're considering going vegan for your health or cutting back on animal products, you can talk with your doctor, nutritionist or dietitian to find a plan that works for your health needs.
1. Whether vegetarianism can reduce mortality needs further research.
F
[解析] 题干意为“素食主义是否可以降低死亡率还有待进一步研究”。注意抓住题干中的关键词reduce mortality needs further research。原文F段最后两句提到,然而,《美国临床营养学期刊》的一项研究发现,尽管素食主义可以降低某些慢性疾病的发病率,但这是否会对死亡率产生影响还没有定论。这并不一定意味着这是不可能的,但有待进一步的证据来证明。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选F。
在过去十年里,无论是在全球还是微观范围内,纯素食的生活方式都被认为是治疗多种轻微疾病和问题的万灵药。一些科学研究表明,成为素食主义者和少吃动物蛋白有助于预防疾病,但仍缺乏证据,尤其是在长寿方面的客观、确凿的数据。然而,这并不意味着纯素饮食不会帮助你长寿。
2. Your goal and willingness to change will determine how long you keep vegan diet or others.
J
[解析] 题干意为“你的目标和改变的意愿将决定你坚持素食或其他饮食的时间”。注意抓住题干中的关键词willingness to change和how long。原文J段首句提到,“人们坚持纯素饮食或其他饮食的时间取决于他们设定的目标和他们对拥抱改变的准备程度。”雅各布说。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选J。
3. A vegan diet helps reduce the risk of suffering from many chronic diseases, such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
E
[解析] 题干意为“纯素饮食有助于减少患许多慢性疾病的风险,如心脏病和2型糖尿病”。注意抓住题干中的关键词reduce the risk和heart disease and type 2 diabetes。原文E段第二句中提到,素食饮食与降低患多种慢性疾病的风险有关,这些疾病包括心脏病、2型糖尿病、某些类型的癌症和肥胖症。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选E。
4. There is evidence that many lifestyle changes can help prevent diseases and make you healthier.
B
[解析] 题干意为“有证据表明,很多生活方式的改变能有助于预防疾病,使你更健康”。注意抓住题干中的关键词many lifestyle changes和prevent diseases and make you healthier。原文B段第一句提到,没有哪种饮食能保证延缓衰老进程,但是有很多生活方式的改变或多或少已被证明有助于预防疾病,使你更健康、长寿。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选B。
5. Being a vegetarian means not eating anything made from animals, including milk and eggs.
C
[解析] 题干意为“做一名素食主义者意味着不能吃用动物做成的任何食物,包括奶和蛋”。注意抓住题干中的关键词including milk and eggs。原文C段第一句提到,纯素饮食是指你不能吃任何来自动物的东西,包括肉、乳制品和蛋。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选C。
6. A vegan diet may help people live to 100 years or more, but hard data are still lacking.
K
[解析] 题干意为“纯素饮食可能让人活到100岁甚至更久,但是仍缺乏确凿的数据支持”。注意抓住题干中的关键词100 years or more和hard data。原文K段前两句提到,尽管有主观证据表明,纯素饮食可能会让你活到100岁或更长时间,但饮食、锻炼和个人身心健康都是非常具体的事情。虽然有一些科学研究表明,成为素食主义者和少吃动物蛋白有助于预防疾病,但仍缺乏证据,尤其是在长寿方面的客观、确凿的数据。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选K。
7. Vegetarians can eat many forms of food, far more than fruits and vegetables.
D
[解析] 题干意为“素食者能吃的食物形式很多,远不止水果和蔬菜”。注意抓住题干中的关键词many forms of food和more than fruits and vegetables。原文D段第二句和第三句提到,这(素食主义)并不意味着只吃水果和蔬菜。你基本上可以找到任何素食形式的食物:从寿司到最好的素食蛋白粉,再到汉堡。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选D。
8. To ensure adequate nutrition, vegetarians should eat a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts.
H
[解析] 题干意为“为了确保获得足够的营养,素食者应该食用包括水果、蔬菜、全谷物、豆类和坚果等在内的多种食物”。注意抓住题干中的关键词adequate nutrition和a variety of foods。原文H段前三句中提到,“所有饮食中最关键的一点是坚持摄入多种多样的食物,”雅各布说。“这样,你就可以确保自己获得各种各样的营养,以帮助满足你的需求。食用富含水果、蔬菜、全谷物、豆类和坚果的素食将有助于你保持最佳营养。”由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选H。
9. Many people have embraced a vegan lifestyle as a cure for many minor illnesses and problems in the past ten years.
A
[解析] 题干意为“在过去十年中,许多人欣然接受了纯素食的生活方式,将其作为许多小病和问题的治疗方法”。注意抓住题干中的关键词minor illnesses and problems和in the past ten years。原文A段第一句提到,在过去的十年里,无论是在全球还是微观范围内,纯素食的生活方式都被认为是治疗多种轻微疾病和问题的万灵药。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选A。
10. When it comes to nutrition and longevity, the most important thing is to pay attention to a balanced diet and have sufficient nutrients.
Section C Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Passage One
How to Control Junk Food?
Junk food is everywhere. We're eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we're doing and yet we do it anyway. So here's a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it's displayed? "Many policy measures to control obesity (肥胖症) assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods," note the two researchers. "In contrast," the researchers continue, "many regulations that don't assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol, a substance—like food—of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems." The research references studies of people's behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions, and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them: Density restrictions—licenses to sell alcohol aren't handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted (分配) based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink. Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren't primarily food stores? Display and sales restrictions—California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can't buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they're easily seen. One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines, The other measures include restricting portion sizes, taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods, and placing warning labels on the products.
1. What does the author say about junk food? ______
A.People should be educated not to eat too much.
B.It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.
C.Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
A common complaint about online dating is that there are far too many generic (类属的) messages, lazily copied and pasted and sent to hundreds of romantic prospects. In November 2013, Zach Bamum, a bearded, 37-year-old clothing designer, used this strategy with a different goal. In a two-hour period, he sent an identical message to roughly 800 women he "matched" with on the dating app Tinder, encouraging them to shop at ZB Savoy Bowtie Co., his San Diego-based business. "Hey, check out my new bowtie (蝶型领结) company...for all your Holiday shopping for dad, brother, uncle Jimmy!" the message read. It included a direct link to an online store that sells bowties. In the days that followed his message, Bamum saw a 200 percent increase in unique visits to his site, leading, he said, to a modest sudden rise in sales. Barnum was surprised by the positive feedback he received on an app with poor reputation. Barnum is not the only one experimenting with the business potential of dating forums. On Valentine's Day 2010, Susan, a then-23-year-old entrepreneur, signed up for OkCupid to find a right-hand man. She was looking for the perfect candidate to co-found her start-up, Brilliant, an online community for the world's smartest young students in science, technology, engineering and math. She tried it because it was free, and she could not afford Monster.com. Susan was a 97 percent match with a 23-year-old programmer, Sam Solomon, whose profile mentioned that he mentored robotics competitions—an indication, Susan thought, of leadership qualities. For months, the two emailed back and forth, before successfully pitching their start-up to the incubator (企业孵化器) TechStars Chicago. "It's sort of a tabor~intensive way to market," says Barnum, whose Tinder profile does not mention his bowtie business. In his photo, he poses in a newspaper-print bowtie, with his shirt sleeves rolled up to reveal a Celtic arm tattoo (纹身). Below that, there is a line of words states, "Just looking for a sweet girl who likes wearing a polka dot (圆点花纹布) sundress."
1. What do people usually complain about online dating? ______
A.It cannot recognize important information.
B.It does not provide much personal information.
C.There are too many people who just date for fun.
D.There are too many similar messages.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据题干中的usually complain about online dating定位到原文第一段。该段首句中提到,太多同类信息是对网上约会的一致抱怨。参与者懒散地复制粘贴这些信息,然后发给许许多多有可能成为其约会对象的人。由此可知,D项表述符合原文,故选D。
[参考译文]
2. What's Zach Barnum's real goal of using the dating app Tinder? ______
A.To look for a girl he really likes.
B.To know about 800 women.
C.To promote his own business.
D.To see if the app works or not.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据题干中的Zach Barnum's real goal of using the dating app Tinder定位到原文第一段。该段最后一句中提到,在两个小时内,他把同样的一条信息发给约会应用Tinder上和他“配对”的大约800名女性,鼓励她们去他在圣地亚哥开的领结店ZB Savoy Bowtie Co.购物。由此可知,Zach Barnum使用Tinder。的真实目的在于推广自己的生意,故选C。
3. What does the phrase "a right-hand man" (Line 2, Para. 4) mean? ______
A.A man who uses his right hand rather than left hand for activities.
B.A man who can work as a chief assistant and provide lots of help.
C.A man who has right understanding about the world.
D.A man who always knows what the right thing is.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据题干定位到原文第四段。该段首句中提到了苏珊想要寻找到a right-hand man,随后在该段第二句中指出,她在找寻一个和自己共建Brilliant(在线社区,面向世界范围内在科学、技术、工程及数学领域中的最聪明的年轻学生)的完美候选人。注意抓住原文中的perfect candidate to co-found,不难推断a right-hand man是指能够帮助其发展事业的得力助手,故选B。
4. What did Barnum and Susan have in common? ______
A.They both lived and worked in San Diego.
B.They were of same age and did the same business.
C.They both used dating forums to develop a career.
D.They both liked to spend much time in online dating.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据题干中的Barnum and Susan have in common定位到原文第三、四段。该段中提到,尝试利用交友论坛挖掘商业潜能的不只巴纳姆一个。随后在第四段中详细介绍了苏珊如何利用在线社区成功发展事业的例子,由此可见,巴纳姆和苏珊的共同之处在于两者都利用约会论坛发展事业。故选C。
5. What does Barnum mean by saying "It's sort of a labor-intensive way to market" (Line 1, Para. 5)? ______