Section A Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Tooth Sensitivity: Causes and Remedies
For people with tooth sensitivity, eating or drinking certain substances or those at certain temperatures causes discomfort or pain in their teeth. At least 40 million adults 1 from sensitive teeth in the United States. The pain is often sharp and sudden, but it is 2 . Tooth pain occurs when stimuli, such as hot and cold, reach a tooth's 3 nerve endings, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Fortunately, sensitive teeth can be treated, and the condition can improve. There are no at-risk groups for tooth 4 . It can happen to anyone, according to Dr. Margaret Culotta-Norton, former president of the D.C. Dental Society. Tooth sensitivity generally results from a layer of the tooth called dentin (牙本质) being exposed. The outside of each tooth is 5 covered by a hard outer layer, called enamel (牙釉质) or cementum (牙骨质), which protects that dentin—the softer, inner layer of the tooth. Enamel protects the crown, the part of the tooth that's 6 above the gum (牙龈). Cementum covers the dentin surrounding the root, the pointy part of the tooth that 7 into the jaw bone, according to the American Dental Association. The gum also. 8 the root. If the enamel or cementum gets worn down or if the gum line has receded, then the dentin becomes exposed. "Cavities, cracked teeth, gum 9 , enamel and root erosion all cause dentin to be exposed," Culotta-Norton said. "Dentin is connected to the nerve that 10 pain in sensitive teeth." A. attacks B. exposed C. extends D. immensely E. magical F. normally G. protects H. recession I. reinforcement J. resulted K. sensitivity L. suffer M. temporary N. triggers O. visible
1.
L
[解析] 空格所在句子的主语为40 million adults,宾语是sensitive teeth,可见句子缺少谓语动词,且该动词须能与介词from搭配使用。备选动词中,suffer和resulted均可与from一起构成固定搭配:suffer from意为“遭受;患”,resulted from意为“起因于;由……造成”。显然,suffer from用在此处语义通顺,故选L。 [参考译文]
[解析] 空格所在句为but引导的转折分句,空格前有主语和系动词it is,可知空格处应填入一个形容词充当表语,且与前面的sharp and sudden(剧烈而突然)构成语义上的转折。显然,exposed(暴露的)、magical(神奇的)、visible(可见的)均不能用于描述牙疼这一状况,备选词汇中只有temporary意为“短暂的”符合语境,故选M。
[解析] 分析句子结构可知,句子主干是The outside of each tooth is ______ covered by a hard outer layer,意为“每颗牙齿的外面……都覆盖着一层坚硬的外层”,由此可知,该句结构和语义基本完整,空格处应填入一个副词,修饰动词covered。备选副词中,immensely通常用于修饰形容词,强调程度“非常,极其”;normally意为“通常;正常地”,符合此处语境,故选F。
6.
O
[解析] 空格位于that's和介词短语above the gum之间,故应填入一个形容词,充当表语,构成系表结构。由此处语境“牙釉质保护着牙冠,也就是牙龈上方……的部分”及常识可知,形容词visible(可见的)符合语境,故选O。
7.
C
[解析] 空格位于that引导的定语从句中,先行词为the pointy part of the tooth,而该定语从句中缺少谓语,且该谓语动词能与:into搭配使用,备选动词extends符合语境。extend into意为“延伸至”,句意为“牙根是牙齿最尖的部分,一直延伸到颌骨”,故选C。
Section B Directions:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may Choose a paragraph more than once.
The recorded world
As cameras become ubiquitous (普遍存在的) and able to identify people, more safeguards on privacy will be needed. A. "This season there is something at the seaside worse than sharks," declared a newspaper in 1890. "It is the amateur photographer." The invention of the handheld camera shocked the 19th-century society, as did the "Kodak fiends" (柯达狂人) who patrolled beaches snapping sunbathers. B. More than a century later, amateur photography is once more a troubling issue. Citizens of rich countries have got used to being watched by closed-circuit cameras that guard roads and cities. But as cameras shrink and the cost of storing data falls sharply, it is individuals who are taking the pictures. C. Some 10,000 people are already testing a prototype of Google Glass, a miniature computer worn like eyeglasses. It aims to have all the functions of a smartphone in a device put on a person's nose. Its flexible frame holds both a camera and a tiny screen, and makes it easy for users to take photos, send messages and search for things online. D. Glass may fail, but a wider revolution is under way. In Russia, where insurance fraud is commonly seen, at least 1 million cars already have cameras on their dashboards (仪表盘) that film the road ahead. Police forces in America are starting to issue officers with video cameras, pinned to their uniforms, which record their interactions with the public. Collar-cams help anxious cat-lovers watch their wandering pets carefully. Paparazzi (狗仔队) have started to use drones to photograph celebrities in their gardens or on yachts. Hobbyists are even devising clever ways to get cameras into space. E. Ubiquitous recording can already do a lot of good. Some patients with brain injuries have been given cameras: looking back at images can help them recover their memories. Dash-cams can help resolve insurance claims and encourage people to drive better. Police-cams can discourage criminals from making groundless complaints against police officers and officers from abusing criminals. A British soldier has just been convicted of murdering a wounded Afghan because the act was captured by a colleague's helmet-camera. Videos showing the line of sight of experienced surgeons and engineers can help train their successors and be used in liability disputes. Lenses linked to computers are reading street-signs and product labels to partially sighted people. F. Optimists see broader benefits ahead. Plenty of people carry activity trackers, worn on the wrist or placed in a pocket, to monitor their exercise or sleep patterns; cameras could do the job more effectively, perhaps also spying on their wearers' diets. "Personal black boxes" might be able to transmit pictures if their owner falls victim to an accident or crime. Tiny cameras trained to recognise faces could become personal digital assistants, making conversations as searchable as documents and e-mails. Already a small band of "life-loggers" (生活记录器) stored years of footage (镜头) into databases of "e-memories". G. Not everybody will be thrilled by these prospects. A perfect digital memory would probably be a pain, preserving unhappy events as well as cherished ones. Suspicious spouses and employers might feel entitled to review it. H. The bigger worry is for those in front of the cameras, not behind them. School bullies already use illegal snaps from mobile phones to embarrass their victims. The web is full of secret photos of women, snapped in public places. Wearable cameras will make such immoral photography easier. And the huge, looming issue is the growing sophistication of face-recognition technologies, which are starting to enable businesses and governments to get information about individuals by searching the billions of images online. The combination of cameras everywhere—in bars, on streets, in offices, on people's heads—with the algorithms (算法) run by social networks and other service providers that process stored and published images is a powerful and alarming one. We may not be far from a world in which your movements could be tracked all the time, where a stranger walking down the street can immediately identify exactly who you are. I. Well, we still strongly held beliefs that technological progress should generally be welcomed, not feared—runs up against an even deeper impulse, in favour of liberty. Freedom has to include some right to privacy: if every move you make is being recorded, liberty is limited. J. One option is to ban devices that seem annoying. The use of dashboard cameras is forbidden in Austria. Drivers who film the road can face a ($13,400) fine. But banning devices deprives people of their benefits. Society would do better to develop rules about where and how these technologies can be used, just as it learned to cope with the Kodak fiends. K. For the moment, companies are behaving in a cautious way. Google has banned the use of face-recognition in apps on Glass and its camera is designed to film only in short bursts. Japanese digital camera-makers ensure their products emit a shutter sound every time a picture is taken. Existing laws to control stalking or harassment can be extended to deal with peeping drones. L. Still, as cameras become smaller, more powerful and ubiquitous, new laws may be needed to preserve liberty. Governments should be granted the right to use face-recognition technology only where there is a clear public good (identifying a bank robber for instance). When the would-be identifiers are companies or strangers in the street, the starting-point should be that you have the right not to have your identity automatically revealed. The principle is the same as for personal data. Just as Facebook and Google should be forced to establish high default settings (默认系统设置) for privacy (which can be reduced at the user's request), the new cameras and recognition technologies should be regulated so as to let you decide whether you remain anonymous (匿名的) or not. M. Silicon Valley emphasises the liberating power of technology—and it is often right. But the freedom that a small device gives one person can sometimes take away liberty from another. Liberal politicians have been lazy about defending the idea of personal space, especially online. The fight should start now. Otherwise, in the blink of an eye, privacy could be gone.
1. Not everyone feels happy about the prospects of cameras.
G
[解析] 题干意为“并不是每个人都对相机的前景感到高兴”。注意抓住题干中的关键词Not everyone和prospects of cameras。原文G段提到了有关人们对于相机前景的看法。该段首句中提到,并非每个人都会对这些前景感到兴奋不已。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选G。
随着摄像机变得更为小巧,而且存储数据的成本骤降,它的使用范围越来越广泛,也带来了很多的好处。但是随着摄像机变得无处不在,而且能够识别人脸,也产生了很多潜在的问题。我们需要采取更多的措施来保护隐私。
2. Individuals began to use cameras because cameras became smaller and the cost of storing data declined sharply.
B
[解析] 题干意为“由于相机变得更为小巧及存储数据成本大幅下降,个人也开始使用相机”。注意抓住题干中的关键词Individuals began to use cameras和the cost of storing data。原文B段提到了个人开始使用相机拍照的内容。该段最后一句中提到,随着照相机变得更为小巧,而且存储数据的成本骤降,它逐渐被用于个人拍摄。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选B。
3. American police officers pinned video cameras to their uniforms so as to record their interactions with the public.
4. Society should try harder to regulate technologies about where and how they can be used.
J
[解析] 题干意为“社会应该更加努力地对技术可以在何处使用以及如何使用加以规范”。注意抓住题干中的关键词Society和where and how they can be used。原文J段提到了社会及规范技术使用的相关内容。该段最后一句中提到,社会应该制定出更完善的规则,明确指出这些技术可以在何处使用以及如何使用,就像从对付柯达狂人中学到的那样。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选J。
5. Recording every move of people will do harm to liberty.
I
[解析] 题干意为“对人们的一举一动全都加以记录有损于自由”。注意抓住题干中的关键词Recording every move和liberty。原文I段提到了记录人们的一举一动的相关内容。该段最后一句中提到,自由必须包括一些隐私权:如果你的一举一动都被记录了,那么自由也就被限制了。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选I。
6. A newspaper in 1890 claimed that the amateur photographer was more terrible than sharks at the seaside.
A
[解析] 题干意为“1890年的一份报纸声称,海边的业余摄影师比鲨鱼还要可怕”。注意抓住题干中的关键词A newspaper in 1890和amateur photographer。原文A段引用了1890年的一份报纸谈论业余摄影师的相关内容。该段首句中提到,在1890年,一份报纸宣称:“这个季节,在海边出现了一种比鲨鱼还可怕的东西,那就是业余摄影师。”由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选A。
7. Privacy would be gone very quickly if no measures are taken to protect it right now.
M
[解析] 题干意为“如果不立即采取保护措施,隐私可能很快便不复存在”。注意抓住题干中的关键词Privacy would be gone。原文M段提到了隐私可能会不复存在的相关内容。该段最后两句中提到,(保护隐私的)战争该打响了。否则,转瞬之间,个人隐私可能就荡然无存了。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选M。
8. Optimists believe that cameras can bring much more benefits in the future.
9. Increasingly sophisticated face-recognition technologies are making businesses and governments able to get personal information.
H
[解析] 题干意为“日益复杂的人脸识别技术正在使得企业和政府能够获取到个人信息”。注意抓住题干中的关键词sophisticated face-recognition technologies和businesses and governments。原文H段提到了人脸识别技术和企业与政府相关的内容。该段第五句中提到,日益复杂的人脸识别技术可能成为一个严重问题,因为这开始使得企业和政府可在线搜索数十亿张照片以获取个人信息。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选H。
10. Pictures taken by cameras can help some patients with brain injuries regain their memories.
E
[解析] 题干意为“相机拍摄的照片可以帮助一些脑部受了伤的病人重拾记忆”。注意抓住题干中的关键词patients with brain injuries和memories。原文E段提到了相机与脑部受了伤的病人恢复记忆的相关内容。该段第二句中提到,对一些脑部受了伤的病人使用相机进行治疗:回顾过去的影像可以帮助他们恢复记忆。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选E。
Section C Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Passage One
The Attractions of Academia
It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (学术界) outweigh any financial considerations. Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of inquiry have few prospects of a commercial return, and Lee's is one of them. The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a pharmaceutical (制药的) company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities. Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition (转换) to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. "Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project."
1. What does the author mean by saying "a one-way street" (Line 1, Para. 1)? ______
A.University researchers know little about the commercial world.
B.There is little exchange between industry and academia,
C.Few industrial scientists would quit to work in a university.
D.Few university professors are willing to do industrial research.
3. What was Helen Lee's major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career? ______
A.Flexible work hours.
B.Her research interests.
C.Her preference for the lifestyle on campus.
D.Prospects of academic accomplishments.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据题干中的in the middle of her career定位到原文第二段。该段第二句提到,Helen Lee之所以在职业生涯中期重返学术界,主要原因是在选择研究的问题方面会有更大的自由度。也就是说,她之前在商界没有那么多的选择空间,而换工作可以让她更多地根据自己的兴趣来选择研究的内容,故选B。
4. Why did Guy Grant choose to work as a researcher at Cambridge? ______
Passage Two The old saying of never forgetting a pretty face might be untrue as psychologists believe beautiful people are less likely to be recognized. A new study suggests that attractiveness can actually prevent the recognition of faces, unless a pretty face is particularly distinctive. German psychologists think the recognition of pretty faces is distorted (扭曲) by emotions. Scientists at the University of Jena, Germany, discovered that photos of unattractive people were more easily remembered than pretty ones when they showed them to a group of people. Researchers Holger Wiese, Carolin Altmann and Stefan Schweinberger from the university, wrote in their study: "We could show that the test subjects were more likely to remember unattractive faces than attractive ones, when the latter didn't have any particularly noticeable traits." For the study, Which was published in science magazine Neuropsychologia, the psychologists showed photos of faces to test subjects. Half of the faces were considered to be more attractive and the other half as less attractive, but all of them were being thought of as similarly distinctive looking. The test subjects were shown the faces for just a few seconds to memorize them and were shown them again during the test so that they could decide if they recognized them or not. The scientists were surprised by the result. "Until now we assumed that it was generally easier to memorize faces which are being perceived as attractive, just because we prefer looking at beautiful faces," Dr. Wiese said. But the study showed that such a connection cannot be easily sustained. He assumes that remembering pretty faces is distorted by emotional influences, which enhance the sense of recognition at a later time. The researchers' idea is backed up by evidence from EEG-recordings (脑电图记录) which show the brain's electric activity, which the scientists used during their experiment. The study also revealed that in the case of attractive faces, considerably more false positive results were detected. In other words, people thought they recognized a face without having seen it before. "We obviously tend to believe that we recognize a face just because we find it attractive." Dr. Wiese said.
1. What can be inferred from the new study? ______
A.Beautiful people are particularly distinctive.
B.People are reluctant to recognize ugly faces.
C.Attractive faces are always easy to be recognized.
D.Attractiveness sometimes prevents the recognition of faces.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据题干中的the new study定位到原文第一段。该段第二句指出,一项新的研究表明,吸引力实际上会降低面孔的辨识度,除非是非常与众不同的漂亮面孔。四个选项中只有D项表述符合原文,故选D。
[参考译文]
漂亮的脸蛋难以被忘记这则古老的格言恐怕并不正确,因为心理学家们认为外表美丽的人反而不容易被认出来。一项新的研究表明,吸引力实际上会降低面孔的辨识度,除非是非常与众不同的漂亮面孔。
德国心理学家认为,漂亮面孔的辨识度被情感歪曲了。德国耶拿大学的科学家发现,在他们给一组人展示照片的时候,相对于相貌美丽的人的照片,长相不佳的人的照片更容易被记住。该大学的研究人员霍尔格·维斯、卡洛琳·阿尔特曼和斯蒂芬·施文贝尔格在他们的研究中写道:“在面容较好的脸孔没有突出特点的情况下,我们可以证实测试参与者更容易记住面容较差的脸孔而非面容较好的。”
在这项发表在科学杂志《神经心理学》上的研究中,心理家向测试参与者展示了很多不同面孔的照片。这些照片中有一半被认为比另一半更具吸引力,但所有这些照片的面部特征明显程度相似。这些照片会被展示给受试者几秒钟,以让他们识记,在测试期间,这些照片会被再次呈现给他们,以便让他们判定自己是否能辨认出这些照片。
科学家对结果感到惊讶。维斯博士说:“在此之前,我们一直觉得人们更容易记住那些被认为有吸引力的面孔,这仅仅是因为我们更喜欢看漂亮脸蛋。”但研究显示,这样的关联无法轻易维持。他认为,对于漂亮脸蛋的记忆被情感因素所歪曲了,这些情感因素会在之后的时间里加强这种认同感。研究人员的想法得到了脑电图描记器提供的证据的支持。科学家在研究中运用脑电图描记器显示了脑电波活动。
研究还表明,当受试者看到漂亮脸蛋时,脑电图描记器会捕捉到数量可观的虚假正向反应。换言之,人们以为自己认出了一张照片,而实际上这张照片他们之前没有见过。维斯博士说:“很显然,我们都倾向于相信,我们能认出一个面孔仅仅是因为我们觉得它好看。”
2. What do we know about the photos from paragraph 3? ______
A.They were selected at random.
B.They were all of pretty faces.
C.They were not distinctive at all.
D.They were showed twice to the test subjects.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据题干中的photos from paragraph 3定位到原文第三段。该段中提到,心理学家向测试参与者展示的照片中有一半被认为比另一半更具吸引力,但所有这些照片的面部特征明显程度相似。这些照片会被展示给受试者几秒钟,在测试期间,这些照片会被再次呈现给他们。由此可知,这些照片不是随机挑选的,也不全都是漂亮面孔,其面部特征明显程度只是相似,并非没有明显的面部特征。而这些照片确实会被展示给受试者观察两次,因此排除A、B、C三项,选D。
3. Why do we generally assume it is easier to memorize beautiful faces? ______
A.Because beautiful faces are more memorable.
B.Because we love to look at beautiful faces more.
C.Because our memory favors beautiful things.
D.Because beautiful faces have distinctive traits.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据题干中的assume it is easier to memorize beautiful faces定位到原文第四段。该段第二句指出,维斯博士说:“在此之前,我们一直觉得人们更容易记住那些被认为有吸引力的面孔,这仅仅是因为我们更喜欢看漂亮脸蛋。”由此可知,B项表述与原文相符,故选B。
4. How do emotional influences distort remembering pretty faces? ______
A.They can enhance the sense of recognition later.