Section A Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. An astronaut on board the International Space Station (ISS) has snapped a stunning photo of an ancient lava flow (熔岩流) stretching across the desert in New Mexico. From above, the frozen river of volcanic rock looks like a dark scar 1 into the surrounding desert. The basaltic lava flow, known as the Carrizozo Malpais, covers around 337 square kilometers and is around 80 kilometers long. It is 2 near Carrizozo, a city in the Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico, and is one of the largest lava flows to have 3 on Earth in the past 10,000 years, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The eruption that gave birth to the Carrizozo Malpais began around 5,000 years ago and 4 for between 20 to 30 years. During that time, magma (岩浆) slowly trickled out of the ground from a subsurface shield volcano, which has since become 5 . Insulated lava tubes beneath the surface spread the molten rock out over an 6 large area. The new image is a mosaic (拼凑而成的东西) of four photographs taken on June 30 by an 7 astronaut from the Expedition 67 crew on board the ISS. The stitched-together shot, which is one of the most detailed aerial 8 of the lava flow ever taken, was released online Monday. The uneven, textured appearance of the frozen lava is the 9 of lighting, collapses and depressions in the volcanic rock. The ancient lava field may seem lifeless from above, but a number of desert plant 10 can grow in the frozen magma. A. accidentally B. accounted C. carved D. conflict E. formed F. images G. inactive H. infinite I. lasted J. located K. recognized L. result M. species N. unidentified O. unusually
1.
C
[解析] 空格所在句子的主干是the frozen river of volcanic rock looks like a dark scar,因此______ into the surrounding desert作后置定语,修饰scars,初步判断空格处可填入动词或形容词,以表明scar和desert之间的关系。备选项中,carved意为“雕刻”,符合语境,故选C。
[参考译文]
国际空间站上的一名宇航员拍下了一张令人惊叹的照片,照片中的古代熔岩流横跨新墨西哥州的沙漠。从上面看,这条火山岩河就像被雕刻在周围沙漠上的一道黑色伤疤。
这片玄武岩熔岩流被称为Carrizozo Malpaís,占地约337平方公里,长约80公里。据美国地质调查局称,它位于新墨西哥州奇瓦瓦沙漠的卡里佐佐市附近,是过去一万年地球上形成的最大熔岩流之一。
产生Carrizozo Malpaís的火山爆发大约始于5000年前,持续了20到30年。在此期间,岩浆从一个地下盾状火山缓慢地流出地面,此后该火山变得不活跃。地表下绝缘的熔岩管将熔岩扩散到一个异常大的区域。
这幅新照片是由国际空间站上的“远征67号”成员中的一名身份不明的宇航员于6月30日拍摄的四张照片拼接而成的。这张拼接在一起的照片是有史以来拍摄的最详细的熔岩流航空图像之一,于周一发布在网上。
冻结的熔岩表面凹凸不平、有纹理,这是由火山岩石中的光照、塌陷和洼地造成的。
从上面看,古老的熔岩原似乎毫无生机,但许多沙漠植物物种可以在冻结的岩浆中生长。
[解析] 此处to have ______ on Earth in the past 10,000 years是不定式结构,充当one of the largest lava flows的定语,故空格处应填入动词的过去分词,构成不定式的完成式(to have done)。熔岩流是在过去一万年中形成的,是一个逐渐形成的过程。备选项中,formed意为“形成”,符合语境,故选E。
4.
I
[解析] 本句的主干是The eruption...began around 5,000 years ago and ______ for between 20 to 30 years。that引导定语从句,修饰主语the eruption,因此,空格处应填入一个动词过去式,与began一起充当并列谓语动词。火山喷发始于5000年前左右,此处应表示它“持续”了近20至30年。lasted意为“持续”,符合语境,故选I。
[解析] 空格前为形容词aerial,空格后为介词短语of the lava flow,故空格处应填入一个名词。将备选名词代人原文,可知images(照片)符合语境,即“这张拼接在一起的照片是有史以来拍摄的最详细的熔岩流航空图像之一,于周一发布在网上”。故选F。
9.
L
[解析] 空格位于定冠词the和介词短语of lighting,collapses and depressions之间,由此可知,空格处应填入一个名词。将备选项词汇入原文,可知result(结果)符合语境,即“冻结的熔岩表面凹凸不平、有纹理,这是由火山岩石中的光照、塌陷和洼地造成的”。故选L。
10.
M
[解析] 分析句子结构可知,but分句的主干是desert plant ______ can grow in the frozen magma,可知空格处应填入一个名词,充当句子的主语。将备选名词代人原文,可知species(物种)符合此处语境,即“从上面看,古老的熔岩原似乎毫无生机,但许多沙漠植物物种可以在冻结的岩浆中生长”。故选M。
Section B Directions:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may Choose a paragraph more than once.
What makes people willing to risk their lives to save others?
A. After an 18-year-old shooter murdered 19 elementary school students and two teachers in Uvalde, Texas, upset parents directed their rage at the multiple police officers who failed to enter the classroom where children were being shot. A teacher who survived his wounds derided the officers as "cowards." B. It's possible that a broken chain of command was more consequential than a lack of courage. But the actions—or inaction—of these officers stand in clear contrast to the heroism displayed by others under similar circumstances. For example, in August 2015, three young American men were on a crowded train heading from Paris to Amsterdam when they encountered a heavily armed terrorist. With little regard for their personal safety, they rushed the terrorist and subdued (制服) him. No one disputes that these men deserve to be called heroes. C. Only some people seem capable of this split-second (瞬间发生的) form of heroism. What separates them from everyone else? Psychology researchers like myself have explored this question through the lens of evolutionary and personality psychology. Study after study has shown that men tend to be more willing to put themselves at physical risk to help others. D. Of course, heroism and courage can appear in many forms, and men and women alike risk their reputations, health and social standing to do what they think is right. There is no shortage of courageous women. Meta whistleblower Frances Haugen and the testimony (证词) bravery by 26-year-old Cassidy Hutchinson before the House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6 Attack on the United States Capitol are just two recent examples in female courage. E. However, when it comes to physically risky bravery—the kind that's called for when there's a terrorist on a train or a shooter in a school—people assume men will take the lead. There are sound evolutionary reasons for this stereotype, and one of the most common fears in men is that they'll be called cowards. A man who fails to display physical courage will suffer damage to his reputation in a way that a woman will not. Throughout human history, attaining a position of high status or dominance among one's peers has been the ticket that needs to get punched for men to attract mates and father children. Establishing a reputation as a hero isn't a bad way to quickly elevate your status and desirability. F. I am not suggesting that heroes consciously calculate all of the great stuff that will come their way if they risk their lives; they aren't thinking, "Nothing impresses the ladies like a Legion of Honor Medal!" In fact, interviews with men who have won the Carnegie Medal reveal that their heroic actions were intuitive—even impulsive—rather than a product of thoughtful deliberation. Displaying courage and strength by taking and surviving great risks seems to signal to others that a man has special qualities, so these impulses have been selected for through evolution because heroic action has reliably provided mating advantages for men. G. The notion that bravery is closely linked with mating motives has been around for quite some time. The Sioux warrior Rain in the Face described the effect that the presence of women in a war party had on male warriors: "When there is a woman in the charge, it causes the warriors to vie with one another in displaying their bravery." H. Psychological research has confirmed that altruistic (利他主义的) male behavior is most admired when it takes the form of risky heroism which displays courage and strength. Another study found that men are more likely to behave generously in the presence of an attractive member of the opposite sex; the same doesn't hold true for women. I've conducted a series of laboratory studies demonstrating that men are most likely to endure pain so that others can benefit when females are present and another male is also present as a competitor. I. A team of European psychologists explored the proposition that war provides a stage for men, but not for women, to impress both their male rivals and females who might be potential mates. In their first study, they found that 464 American men who had won the Medal of Honor during World War II eventually had more children than other U.S. servicemen. This is consistent with the hypothesis that heroism gets rewarded with greater reproductive success. In their second study, women rated the sexual attractiveness of men who behaved heroically in war higher than that of other soldiers. Tellingly, women did not find men who had behaved heroically in sports or business to be more attractive. A third study revealed that when female soldiers behaved heroically in war, it didn't increase their attractiveness to men. J. People tend to have an idea of what heroes are like. In one study, when rating the personalities of movie heroes, participants expected them to be more conscientious, open to experience, friendly, agreeable and emotionally secure than the average person. K. Some studies perversely indicate that people who exhibit heroic behavior and first responders such as firefighters score high on personality traits usually associated with psychopaths: risk taking, sensation seeking, coolness under stress, and a tendency to take over in social situations. L. However, the study of the relationship between personality and heroism is in its infancy. Psychologists are still at a loss to predict in advance who will heroically step up when needed. Often, the hero is an otherwise ordinary person who finds himself in extraordinary circumstances, while some individuals who have trained to behave heroically might hesitate during a crisis, like the armed school resource officer who stayed outside of the high school in Parkland, Florida, while a gunman was shooting people inside. There will be future calamities (灾难) that cry out for acts of true heroism. Hopefully the right mix of circumstances and personalities enable courage, rather than cowardice, to carry the day.
1. Men who act bravely in the war will impress their male opponents and the women who could be potential mates.
I
[解析] 题干意为“在战争中表现勇敢的男性会给他们的男性对手和可能成为潜在伴侣的女性留下深刻印象”。注意抓住题干中的关键词in the war和male opponents。原文I段首句提到战争为男性而不是女性提供了一个舞台,使他们给男性对手和可能成为潜在伴侣的女性留下深刻印象。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选I。
似乎只有一些人愿意冒着生命危险去救别人。他们和其他人的区别是什么?研究认为男性和女性都会冒着风险去做勇敢的事;但当涉及身体上的风险时,男性被认为会首当其冲。通常情况下,英雄是一个在其他方面很普通的人,却发现自己身处不同寻常的情况下,而一些受过英雄行为训练的人反而可能会在危机中犹豫不决。
2. The idea that bravery is closely related to mating motivation has been lasted for a long time.
Section C Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Passage One
Is Dieting or Exercise Better for Losing Weight?
Are you diligently exercising but seeing no results around your midsection (上腹部)? It's not just you. Two new studies may explain why many people who begin exercise programs often lose little to no weight in the long run. In the first study, published in the online science journal PLoS One, researchers compared the daily energy consumption of Westerners and the Hadza, a population of hunter-gatherers living in northern Tanzania. Many believe modem Westerners burn fewer calories than in the past because their lives have become more sedentary (久坐的). The Hadza, who are generally very lean, hunt and look for food without modern tools such as vehicles or guns. Men walk about seven miles each day, while women walk about half that. What was surprising was that although the Hadza seem to be more active, the researchers found little difference in calories burned between the Hadza and the Westerners. The second study, published in Obesity Reviews, analyzed the effect of exercise interventions on body composition. The researchers found that—contrary to popular belief—when people exercise but keep their energy intake constant, their resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rate actually goes down. Exercisers who ate more calories than they usually do did bum more fat than predicted, but some overate and negated the effects of their hard work. These studies suggest two things: exercise programs may not lead to as much calorie burn as you would think, and many people start eating more when they exercise, and they may eat too much. Bottom line, if you start exercising to lose weight, you won't succeed with the mentality of "I can eat anything because I'll burn it off later." You will have better results if you choose a healthy diet of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, lean proteins and healthy fats while exercising. Although these two studies show that diet may be more important than exercise for weight loss, don't discount the other benefits of exercise, including decreased stress and anxiety, improved mood and reduced risk of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease, diabetes (糖尿病) and some cancers.
5. What's the best way to lose weight according to the author? ______
A.Learn to decrease stress and anxiety.
B.Exercise as much as possible.
C.Keep a healthy diet while exercising.
D.Be on diet and give up exercising.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据题干中的the best way和according to the author定位到原文最后一段。该段第二句中提到,如果你在锻炼的同时保持健康饮食:摄取全谷类食物、水果、蔬菜、瘦肉蛋白和健康脂肪,效果可能会更好。由此可以推知,作者认为在锻炼的同时保持健康饮食更加利于减肥,故选C。
Passage Two
Graduate Unemployment
"I'm a little worried about my future," said Dustin Hoffman in The Graduate. He should be so lucky. All he had to worry about was whether to have an affair with Mrs. Robinson. In the 1960s, that was the sum total of post-graduation anxiety syndrome. Hoffman's modern counterparts are not so fortunate. For those fresh out of university, desperate for work but unable to get it, there is a big imbalance between supply and demand. And there is no narrowing of the gap in sight. The latest unemployment figures show that 746,000 of 18-24 year-olds are unemployed. Many of those will have graduated this summer. They are not panicking yet, but as the job rejections mount up, they are beginning to feel alarmed. Of course, it is easy to blame the Government and, in particular, the target that Labour has long proclaimed—50 per cent of school-leavers in higher education. That was not too smart. The Government has not only failed to meet its target—the actual figure is still closer to 40 per cent—but it has raised expectations to unrealistic levels. Parents feel as badly let down as the young people themselves. Middle-class families see their graduate children on the dole (救济金) queue and wonder why they bothered paying school fees. Working class families feel an even keener sense of disappointment. For many such families, getting a child into university was the fulfillment of a lifelong dream. It represented upward social and financial mobility. It was proof that they were living in a dynamic, economically successful country. That dream does not seem so encouraging now. Graduate unemployment is not, ultimately, a political problem ready to be solved. Job-creation schemes for graduates are very low down in ministerial in-trays (待处理文件篮). If David Cameron's Conservatives had a brilliant idea for guaranteeing every graduate a well-paid job, they would have unveiled it by now. It is a social problem, though a more deep-seated social problem than people perhaps realize.
1. The author begins with an episode from The Graduate so as to ______.
A.support. the fact that more women are working now
B.emphasize the sharp contrast between now and then
C.demonstrate that there were much fewer graduates than now
D.show that few graduates started working right after graduation
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据题干中的an episode from The Graduate定位到原文第一段。该段以《毕业生》中的片段开始,指出在20世纪60年代,毕业生担心的问题很少。原文第二段首句中则指出,与霍夫曼一样的现代毕业生就没那么幸运了。由此可见,作者以《毕业生》中的片段开始全文是为了凸显过去与现在的毕业生之间存在巨大的差距,故选B。 [参考译文]
5. What was implied at the end of the passage? ______
A.There will be job-creation schemes for graduates.
B.The Conservatives are ready to solve the issue.
C.Graduate unemployment is more of a political issue.
D.Graduate unemployment is both a political and a social issue.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据题干中the end of the passage定位到原文最后一段。该段首句中提到,毕业即失业终究不是一个可以得到快速解决的政治问题。为毕业生创造就业机会的计划不在内阁待优先处理的文件之列。由此可见大学生毕业即失业问题确实是一个政治问题,只是还无法得到快速解决。而该段最后一句中提到,这是一个社会问题,一个或许比人们所意识到的更深层的社会问题。该句中的It指代的即是前文中提到的大学生毕业即失业问题,由此可知,D项表述正确,故选D。