1. Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay that begins with the sentence "Faced with challenging imbalance between the rapid growth of waste and insufficient disposal capacity, it is imperative for many cities to implement the garbage classification policy." You can make comments, cite examples or use your personal experiences to develop your essay. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
[范文]
Faced with challenging imbalance between the rapid growth of waste and insufficient disposal capacity, it is imperative for many cities to implement the garbage classification policy.1 It seems to me that such a policy is conducive to the purification of the global environment and the realization of sustainable development of human beings.2
The most important reason for waste classification is about the protection of the environment.3 Modern waste contains chemicals, some of which can lead to the increase of certain diseases. If all garbage is simply disposed by landfill or stacking, it is difficult to eliminate the infiltration of harmful substances.4 By classification, targeted measures can be taken to deal with different waste accordingly. Besides reducing the waste, increased recycling will mean increased sources of used raw materials, which will in turn reduce the pressure on the consumption of natural resources.5
Furthermore, garbage classification can help people learn to save resources, develop good living habits and improve their quality of life. People who have developed a good habit of garbage sorting are more likely to pay attention to environmental protection and valuing resources in life.6
In conclusion, all countries should make it a priority to implement the policy of garbage classification and create a cleaner and more livable planet for future generations.7
[解析] 审题立意
1.导语解读:要求考生根据生活中的实际情况,结合自己的思考探讨垃圾分类的问题。
2.文章立意:垃圾分类有利于实现垃圾的科学处理,更好地保护环境、节约能源。在现实生活中,人们垃圾分类的意识淡薄,不清楚垃圾分类的重要性,因此,有必要强调垃圾分类的必要性。 写作思路
1.第一段指出现有的处理能力无法应对快速增长的垃圾,许多城市开始实施垃圾分类政策,接着指出,这有利于保护环境及实现可持续发展。
2.第二段分点论述垃圾处理的重要意义:首先,保护环境,减少有害物质渗透,降低垃圾处理成本,通过回收变废为宝,减少资源损耗;其次,垃圾分类有利于人们养成良好习惯,提高环保意识。
3.第三段总结全文:垃圾分类势在必行,为子孙后代创造良好的生活环境。 范文点评
1.引入垃圾分类的话题。
2.表明自己的观点:垃圾分类的政策有重要意义。
3.指出进行垃圾分类的首要原因。
4.从反面论证垃圾不分类有着不良的后果。
5.从正面阐述进行垃圾分类的好处。
6.进行垃圾分类对人类的积极作用。
7.最后一段,总结全文,升华主题。 句法点评
In conclusion, all countries should make it a priority to implement the policy of garbage classification and create a cleaner and more livable planet for future generations.
本句中包含了固定结构“make it+形容词/名词+to do sth.”,表示“使做某事变得/成为……”,其中it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式。注意,在该结构中,如果it后使用的是单数名词,则该名词前应加不定冠词a或an。
许多城市面临着垃圾快速增长与处理能力不足这一存在失衡却又重要的难题,因此实施垃圾分类政策势在必行。在我看来,该政策有利于净化全球环境和实现人类可持续发展。
实施垃圾分类最重要的原因是为了保护环境。现代垃圾含有化学物质,其中一些会造成某些疾病发病率的增加。如果将所有垃圾仅通过填埋或堆放的方式处理,则难以消除一些有害物质的渗入。通过分类,人们可以采取有针对性的措施来相应地处理不同的垃圾。除了减少废物(这一好处),增加回收利用意味着增加使用过的原材料来源,而这将反过来减轻对自然资源消耗的压力。
此外,垃圾分类可以帮助人们学会节约资源,养成良好的生活习惯,提高生活质量。养成了垃圾分类好习惯的人在生活中更容易注重环境保护和珍惜资源。
总之,所有国家都应该优先实施垃圾分类政策,为子孙后代创造一个更清洁、更适宜居住的环境。
Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension
Section A Directions:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear three or four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
[听力原文] W: Hey, Greg, you've got a great dog. Where did you get your dog? M: Actually, my dog and I sort of found each other. I was moving from one house to another and as I was moving from the parking lot to my house, I saw this really skinny dog that looked as if he really needed food and affection. I petted him. He followed me back and forth. The next day, he was out in front of my house. W: Wow. So wait a minute. You're saying that you didn't choose your dog and that your dog kind of chose you. M: Yes. It was fate, destiny. W: So, what's cool about your dog? M: Well, frankly my dog is the world's greatest dog. He understands English, Japanese and French. He almost never barks. He's very intelligent and sensitive. He's always by my side. He listens to me. He stops when I tell him to stop. If I tell him to go quickly, he runs quickly. W: So could you live without your dog? M: My dog is invaluable. Actually, he's getting old now. He's thirteen years old now and I know that some day he will pass away, and when I think of that it makes me really, really sad. W: Yeah, that would be pretty tough, but in the future, maybe after your dog passed away, would you get another dog? M: I think it would probably take me many years to recover from the loss of Dancer. His name is Dancer.
How did the man get his dog?
2.
A.It learns quickly.
B.It comforts its owner.
C.It barks loudly.
D.It knows many languages.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] Why does the man think his dog is great?
3.
A.He would get another one.
B.He would be heart-broken.
C.He would go with the dog.
D.He would be unconcerned.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What would happen to the man if the dog died?
[听力原文] W: Hi, Tom. M: Hi, Kate. I haven't seen you for weeks. Where have you been? W: In Florida. M: What? Vacationing while the rest of us have been studying on the campus in the February cold? W: Not exactly. I spent most of my time underwater. M: I don't understand. W: I was on a special field trip. I went with my marine bioloav class. M: So you went scuba diving. What were you looking for, sunken treasure? W: You might say so. The sea is full of treasures, all kinds of strange, fascinating organisms. Our class concentrated on studying plankton. M: I thought they were too small to be seen. W: That's a common misconception. The plankton covers a wide variety of freely floating plants and animals, from one-celled organisms to large ones, such as the common jellyfish. M: Jellyfish may be large enough to be seen. But they are transparent, aren't they? W: Yes, most floating plants and animals have transparent tissues. It makes them practically invisible to their enemies. M: But not invisible to your biology class, I hope. W: By concentrating, I was able to see the outlines of lots of different plants and animals. In fact, our professor even took photos of some of the small oceanic snails. M: How would the snails show up in the photo if they are transparent? W: We painted them with a harmless green dye. Since particles of the dye stuck to the tissues, the snails appeared in a green outline in the photos. M: That sounds like an interesting trip. W: It really was. M: But I think if I had been there. I'd much rather have spent my time just swimming and lying in the sun.
How did Kate spend most of her time in Florida?
[解析] 由对话中女士(即凯特)提到的I spent most of my time underwater.和男士提到So you went scuba diving.可知,答案为D。 问题中的spend most of her time对应对话中的spent most of my time。scuba diving意为“戴水肺潜水”。
5.
A.Biology.
B.Photography.
C.Swimming.
D.Painting.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What kind of class went on the field trip?
[解析] 由对话中女士提到的I went with my marine biology class.可知,答案为A。 听清对话中的marine biology class是解答本题的关键。
6.
A.Large green jellyfish.
B.Different floating plants.
C.Oceanic snails.
D.Sunken treasure.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] According to Kate, what did her professor photograph?
[解析] 由对话中提到 our professor even took photos of some of the small oceanic snails可知,教授拍了一些小海洋蜗牛的照片,故答案为C。 问题中的photograph作动词,对应对话中的took photos of。
Section B Directions:In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
[听力原文] Laura Straub is a very worried woman. Her job is to find families for French teenagers who expect to live with American families in the summer. It's not easy, even desperate. "We have many children left to place: 40 out of 75," said Straub, who works for a Paris-based foreign-exchange program called LEC. When exchange programs started 50 years ago, family life was more accommodating. For one thing, more mothers stayed home. But now, increasing numbers of women work outside the home. Exchange-student programs have struggled in recent years to sign up host families for the 30,000 teenagers who annually come from abroad to spend an academic year in the United States, as well as the thousands more who participate in summer programs. School systems in many parts of the U.S., unhappy about accepting non-taxpaying students, have also strictly limited the number of exchange students they accept. At the same time, the idea of hosting foreign students is becoming less appealing. In searching for host families, who usually receive no pay, exchange programs are increasingly broadening their appeals to include everyone from young couples to retirees. "We are open to many different types of families," said Vickie Weiner, eastern regional director for ASSE, a 25-year-old program that sends about 30,000 teenagers on academic-year exchange programs worldwide. For elderly people, exchange students "keep us young— they really do," said Jean Foster, who is hosting 16-year-old Nina Porst from Denmark.
Why were exchange students more welcome by families 50 years ago?
[听力原文] How do the exchange programs attract more hosting families?
[解析] 短文提到,交换生项目的求助对象范围越来越广,几乎涉及到所有家庭:从年轻夫妇到退休人员。B是录音中broadening their appeals to include everyone...的同义转述,故B为答案。 A“向自愿参加交换生寄宿计划的家庭支付费用”与录音中提到的who usually receive no pay不符,故不选。B“向年轻夫妇的家庭下达强制命令”和D“为那些家庭安排家庭主妇”录音均未提及,故排除。
4.
A.Trouble.
B.Youthful feeling.
C.Companionship.
D.Pressure.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What may exchange students bring to elderly hosting people?
[听力原文] Many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers' life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the ears on his line. It would seem that not only is the degree of workers' contribution an important factor, but it is also one we can do something about. The workers themselves certainly think more money leads to greater productivity. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.
What does the author think of making jobs more varied?
[考点] 细节题。 [解析] 录音中提到“There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers' life more enjoyable”,由此可知,使工作多样化可以使工人生活得更加愉快,故选C项。
6.
A.It will make workers less productive.
B.It's hard to be given in the modern factory.
C.It will increase criminal rates.
D.It's very difficult to control the workers.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] According to the passage, what is the problem of giving the workers freedom?
[考点] 细节题。 [解析] 录音中提到“The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory”,即出现的问题是在现代的工厂中,这种自由很难获得,故选B项。
7.
A.We can do something about contribution.
B.Workers can enjoy more spare time.
C.We should make their jobs more interesting.
D.Workers prefer shorter working hours.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What can we learn about the workers' contribution from the passage?
[考点] 细节题。 [解析] 根据录音“It would seem that not only is the degree of workers' contribution an important factor, but it is also one we can do something about.”可知,我们可以做出自己的贡献,故选A项。
Section C Directions:In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
[听力原文]
As long as there has been crime, there have been ways to solve it. One of the oldest methods is interrogation, a method in which the police question people who might have committed the crime or who might have information about the crime. Interrogation can help the police to establish many basic facts, but modern techniques for solving crime include more complex scientific methods.
Let me talk first about a system often called "crime hotlines". In some cases, where law enforcement personnel have difficulty finding a criminal, they turn to private citizens for help in solving a crime. This system allows people to make a phone call or access a website and give information to the police anonymously. This can often be effective when people are afraid to give information in public. Sometimes, a family member may have committed the crime, and another family member finally decides to call the police and give the information they have.
Second, fingerprinting. Each person's finger print is unique. The ancient Chinese used finger prints to sign legal papers. What better way to identify an individual? Yet, it was only in the late 19th century that finger prints were first used to identify criminals. A variety of scientific techniques makes it possible for finger prints to be lifted from most surfaces.
A relatively new technique that crime-fighters are now using is called "psychological profiling". Criminal psychologists look at the crime and the way it was committed. Based on this information, they try to understand the personality and motivation of the person who committed the crime. Then they can focus their search on people who match this profile.
In some cases, private citizens are finding ways to solve crimes as well. With a little knowledge of electronics, anyone can put hidden cameras in a home or office. In the 1990s as an example, there were some cases where nannies were accused of abusing the children they were paid to care for. Hidden cameras were used to prove the nanny's guilt. However, the technique is controversial because it involves issues of privacy.
Finally, let me discuss DNA. Of the most recent crime-solving techniques used, DNA is proving very effective. Each person, with the exception of identical twins, has a unique DNA coding system. So, if criminals leave anything that can be tested at the scene of the crime, such as blood or hair, they can be identified. DNA was used to solve a crime for the first time in England in 1987. Since that time, it has become widely used, and it's considered 99% accurate. DNA testing can also be used to prove that a person is innocent. Many prisoners have been released because DNA evidence proves that they did not commit the crime of which they were convicted.
What is the oldest method to identify criminals?
[解析] 本讲座介绍了刑事案件侦破(crime-solving)的方法,包括传统的审讯(interrogation)、举报热线(crime hotlines)、指纹鉴定(fingerprinting),以及相对较新的方法,包括心理分析法(psychological profiling)、摄像头监控、DNA鉴定等。其中审讯是最古老的方法之一,因此C项为正确答案。A项“指纹鉴定”、B项“举报热线”和D项“心理分析”都是案件侦破的方法,但并非最古老的方法。
2.
A.People don't have to release information in public.
B.It can help the police to establish many basic facts.
C.The police can focus on people who match the profile.
D.It can be used to understand criminals' motivation.
A B C D
A
[听力原文]
What is the advantage of crime hotlines?
[解析] 讲座提到“如果人们害怕公开提供犯罪信息给警方,他们可以通过举报热线匿名提供”,所以A项“人们无须公开举报犯罪信息”是其优点。B项“可以帮助警察确立许多基本事实”是审讯(interrogation)的优点。C 项“警察可以集中追查与心理分析匹配的嫌疑犯”和D项“可以用来理解犯罪动机”都是心理分析法的优点,故排除。
3.
A.It may not match the profile.
B.It involves issues of privacy.
C.It concerns problems of security.
D.It needs knowledge of electronics.
A B C D
B
[听力原文]
Why is it controversial using hidden cameras in solving a crime?
[解析] 讲座讨论了摄像头监控的利弊,这种方法可以证明嫌疑犯的犯罪事实,但由于涉及到隐私问题,也带来了争议,因此本题答案为B项“涉及到隐私问题”。A项“因为这有可能跟心理描述不符”指的是心理分析法的信息,与摄像头监控无关。C项“因为这跟安全问题相关”和D项“因为这需要电子方面的知识”都不是摄像头监控产生争议的原因。
4.
A.A person is dangerous.
B.Criminals are lying.
C.Criminals are identical.
D.A person is innocent.
A B C D
D
[听力原文]
What can DNA testing prove?
[解析] 讲座最后讲到“DNA鉴定可以用来确定一个人是否有罪,许多人通过DNA鉴定被证明无辜而被释放”,因此D项“证明某人是无罪的”为正确答案。A项“证明某人是很危险的”和B项“罪犯在说谎”均未在讲座中提及。C项是利用录音原词identical来捏造的干扰项,录音中是说若犯罪分子是同卵双胞胎则无法用DNA 测试鉴别,与C项所说的“罪犯都是相同的”不是一回事,而且这一点也不能回答本题所问的DNA测试能证明什么。
A.Music and art classes may benefit students more besides artistic appreciation.
B.Studying music and art cannot advance a child's reading skills greatly.
C.Studying music and art can significantly boost a child's computer proficiency.
D.The impact of arts training some first-grade and second-grade kids is tittle.
A B C D
A
[听力原文]
Most schools offer music and art classes to give students a well-rounded education. New research indicates those classes may do more for students than just give them an appreciation of the arts. According to a study in tomorrow's issue of the journal Nature, studying music and art can significantly advance a child's reading skills and especially boost math proficiency. A class of six-year-old getting a special music lesson, part of a special arts program that researcher Martin Gardiner and his colleagues at the music school in Rhode Island designed for several elementary schools in the state.
They started out wanting to see the impact of arts training in some first- and second-grade kids. So, some classrooms had an extra hour of this special arts curriculum incorporated into their normal school week, and other classrooms getting the standard curriculum in the arts, which was pretty standard for Rhode Island and rather representative of the country as a whole. The standard curriculum, say the researchers, gave students music lessons twice a month and art lessons twice a month. The typical music lesson tended to be somewhat passive. Students listened to tapes and concerts and talked about music in class. In contrast, the special arts classes met twice weekly and got students actively involved as a way to teach them the basic building blocks.
The kinds of skill that they are learning in these grades are...in music, they're learning to sing together properly, sing together on pitch, sing together in rhythm; and, in the visual arts, they're learning to draw shapes and deal with colors and forms, and so forth. It is a very interactive, experiential approach that took advantage of children's natural inclination to master enjoyable tasks and build upon sequential skills. And at the end of seven months, all the kids in the school took standardized tests, and we looked not only at how these teachers rated the kids on attitude and so forth, but also how the kids scored on their tests. And here's what the researchers found. First of all, those kids who'd entered the first grade toward the bottom of the class in reading and then received the special arts program for the year had now caught up to the average in reading. And that in itself is wonderful. But in addition, they were now dramatically ahead in math compared to the kids who had not received the special arts classes throughout the year. The researchers found also that the kids who continued their special arts classes for a second year continued to improve in math.
What does the new research indicate about music and art classes?
[解析] 录音开头提到,很多学校都会开设音乐艺术课,给学生一个全面发展的教育。一项新研究发现,音乐艺术课不仅仅让学生学会欣赏艺术还能给他们带来更多的好处。A项“除艺术欣赏外,音乐艺术课可能使学生受益更多”是原文的同义转述,因此为正确答案。录音后文提到学习音乐艺术课可以极大地促进学生的阅读能力,尤其是增强掌握数学的能力,B项“不能促进孩子的阅读能力”和C项“可能极大地增强孩子的电脑掌握程度”与上述内容相矛盾或不相符,因此不选;后文还提到一年级的学生在选修了音乐艺术课后,阅读上的后进生开始跟上班级的阅读平均水平,尤其在数学上表现更好,因此D项“对一、二年级学生来说艺术课影响甚微”不正确。
6.
A.Music lessons twice a week and art lessons twice a month.
B.Music lessons twice a month and art lessons twice a month.
C.Extra art hour is incorporated into their normal school week.
D.Lessons are taught in a way that students actively involved.
A B C D
B
[听力原文]
What do we learn about the standard curriculum?
[解析] 录音接着提到,为了了解音乐艺术课对一、二年级学生的影响,研究者到小学去开设特殊艺术课课,其他班级则按标准的课程表上课。标准课程指音乐课和艺术课都是一月两次,因此B为正确答案。A项“音乐课一周两次,艺术课一月两次”中音乐课上课次数错误;C项“在正常上课学时中增加了艺术课学时”是为了研究开展的特殊艺术课,故也不选;D项“在课上学生都很积极地参与”描述了特殊艺术课的上课形式,而非标准课程,故排除。
7.
A.Dramatically ahead in physics.
B.Dramatically ahead in math.
C.Distinctly ahead in biology.
D.Distinctly behind in reading.
A B C D
C
[听力原文]
What's the advantage of kids with special arts classes?
[解析] 问题问上特殊艺术课的学生有什么优势。录音文最后部分提到了研究结果:一年级的学生在选修了音乐艺术课后,阅读上的后进生不仅开始跟上班级的阅读平均水平,并且在数学上遥遥领先那些没参加专门开设艺术课的学生,由此得知C为正确答案。A项“在物理上遥遥领先”,B项“生物上显著领先”及D项“在阅读上显著落后”都与录音不符,故不选。
[听力原文] Twenty-five years ago, Ray Anderson, a single parent with a one-year-old son, was returning home at Christmas Eve when he witnessed a horrible accident. The driver of a truck ran a red light and hit the car of Sandra Jenkins. That killed Sandra instantly, but her three-month-old daughter was trapped upside down in the burning wreckage. While others looked on in horror, Anderson jumped out of his vehicle and crawled into the car through the shattered rear window to tit to free the infant. Seconds later, the car was totally engulfed in flames, but Anderson was miraculously able to pull the baby to safety. While the child came out of the accident virtually uninjured, Anderson was bleeding massively over half of his body. Two hours later, Anderson died, but his heroic act was published widely in the media. Anderson's son was soon adopted by relatives, and the family moved to the East Coast. What really drew the public attention was some other details beyond the accident. According to the newspaper, Anderson was on a mission of love that fateful Christmas Eve in the process of distributing care packages to needy families in the area. That was a yearly tradition that he performed unbeknownst to everyone. This he did because of his firm conviction that the best Christmas gifts came not from the gift received, but from those given, and that those acts of charity should remain anonymous. As it turns out, Sandra Jenkins was also involved in similar volunteer work throughout the community. Merry Christmas! Share this remarkable Christmas story with all of you, courage, life, and love.
What event did Ray Anderson witness at the beginning of the story?
Section A Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this 1 every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist (人类学家), there is no intrinsic 2 of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy(等级制度) among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward groups as 3 and undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the 4 of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or 5 structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which 6 the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to 7 the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly 8 and complicated. This study of language, in turn, 9 a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed 10 , and without ideas of rank or hierarchy. A. savage B. superiority C. conceive D. transfer E. identification F. grammatical G. reflect H. reveals I. numerous J. independently K. exclusive L. casts M. sense N. confidentially O. possess
1.
M
[解析] 语法判断:分析句子结构可知,该空后面是一个完整的句子,初步判断介词短语in this ______ 在句中作状语。分析此短语可知,in this后缺少一个单数名词。
语义判断:符合上述语法条件的单词有superiority、transfer、identification、sense四项,而这些名词中可以与in this构成介词短语的只有sense,in this sense意为“从这个意义上讲”,符合此处文意,故选M。
[解析] 语法判断:分析句子结构可知,该空位于介词短语for the ______ of ideas之中。分析此短语可知,该空缺少一个名词。
语义判断:符合上述语法条件的单词有transfer和identification两个,只有transfer与后面的of ideas构成的短语transfer of ideas(传递思想)符合这里的语义表达,故选D。
Section B Directions:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. A. The Supreme Court unambiguously ruled Wednesday that privacy rights are not sacrificed to 21st century technology, saying unanimously that police generally must obtain a warrant before searching the cell phone of someone they arrest. B. Modern cell phones "hold for many Americans the privacies of life," Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. wrote for a court united behind the opinion's expansive language. "The fact that technology now allows an individual to carry such information in his hand does not make the information any less worthy of the protection for which the Founders fought." Roberts said that in most cases when police seize a cell phone from a suspect, the answer is simple: "Get a warrant." C. The ruling has no impact on National Security Agency data collection programs revealed in the past year or law enforcement use of aggregated digital information. But lawyers involved in those issues said the emphatic declarations signaled the justices' interest in the dangers of government overreach. D. During oral arguments, the justices seemed divided over the issue. But they united behind soaring language from Roberts about privacy concerns in the digital era in which 90 percent of Americans carry cell phones containing sensitive information. "The term 'cell phone' is itself misleading shorthand; many of these devices are in fact minicomputers that also happen to have the capacity to be used as a telephone," Roberts wrote. "They could just as easily be called cameras, video players, calendars, tape recorders, libraries, diaries, albums, televisions, maps, or newspapers." E. The court is often criticized for being behind the times in considering technological advances. But Roberts's opinion was filled with unpleasant facts—"the average smart phone user has installed 33 applications, which together can form a revealing montage (蒙太奇) of the user's life"—and concerns about modern innovations such as cloud computing—"cell phone users often may not know whether particular information is stored on the device or in the cloud." F. Jeffrey Fisher, a Stanford law professor who argued on behalf of a defendant who said the search violated his constitutional right to be free of unreasonable searches, praised the ruling. "The decision brings the Fourth Amendment into the digital age," Fisher said. "The core of the decision is that digital information is different. It triggers privacy concerns far more profound than ordinary physical objects." G. Ellen Canale, a Justice Department spokeswoman, said the department will work with law enforcement to ensure that the court's decision is implemented. "Our commitment to vigorously enforcing the criminal laws and protecting the public while respecting the privacy interests protected by the Fourth Amendment is unwavering," she said. H. In general, warrants are required for searches, but the court's precedents have said that a person's privacy expectations shrink considerably after an arrest. Police may protect themselves and others by searching the arrestee for weapons or securing evidence that might be destroyed. I. Roberts said he "cannot deny" that the decision will have an impact on the ability of law enforcement to combat crime. "Privacy comes at a cost," he wrote. But he said police can use their own technology to ensure that the information on cell phones that might contain critical evidence is not erased or lost. He also said there could be "case-specific" exceptions to the warrant rule. The court in the past had approved searching many objects found on a suspect, Roberts noted, including a cigarette pack found to have contained drugs. But allowing them to search a cell phone is very close to ransacking a person's home, he said. J. "Indeed, a cell phone search would typically expose to the government far more than the most exhaustive search of a house: A phone not only contains in digital form many sensitive records previously found in the home; it also contains a broad array of private information never found in a home in any form," he said. For instance: "Past location information is a standard feature on many smart phones and can reconstruct someone's specific movements down to the minute, not only around town but also within a particular building." K. He said technology also makes it easier for law enforcement to secure approval from a judge that a search is justified. Canale said the Justice Department would work on that "We will make use of whatever technology is available to preserve evidence on cell phones while seeking a warrant, and we will assist our agents in determining when urgent circumstances or another applicable exception to the warrant requirement will permit them to search the phone immediately without a warrant," she said. L. Justice Samuel A. Alito put in an opinion approving the judgment, despite reservations about what it might mean for law enforcement. He also urged legislatures and Congress to get involved. "Many forms of modern technology are making it easier and easier for both government and private entities to collect a great amount of information about the lives of ordinary Americans, and at the same time, many ordinary Americans are choosing to make public much information that was seldom revealed to outsiders just a few decades ago," Alito wrote. "In light of these developments, it would be very unfortunate if privacy protection in the 21st century were left primarily to the federal courts using the blunt instrument of the Fourth Amendment." M. The court ruling came in the consideration of two cases in which lower courts arrived at different conclusions. N. One involved Brima Wurie, who was picked up in Boston on suspicion of selling cocaine in 2007. While he was in police custody, his phone kept receiving calls from a number identified as "my house." Using the telephone number and a reverse directory, police located his address, obtained a warrant to search his home, and found cocaine, marijuana (大麻) and a weapon. In a 2-to-1 decision, a panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals threw out the evidence against Wurie. The majority support a rule that said warrantless cell phone data searches are "categorically unlawful," given the "government's failure to demonstrate that they are ever necessary to promote officer safety or prevent the destruction of evidence." O. A case from California went the other way. David Leon Riley was pulled over in 2009 by a San Diego police officer for an expired car registration. Police quickly discovered that Riley's driver's license was suspended and later found guns under the car's hood. Police also examined his smart phone and found language that led them to believe Riley had gang connections. A photograph on the phone linked him to a car that police said had been used to flee a shooting. Riley was accused of murder and other charges, convicted, and sentenced to more than 15 years in prison. A California court approved the officers' actions, and similar conflicting decisions have been recorded across the country.
1. A case in which the court support the officers' actions of searching the cellphone of the suspect without a warrant.
O
[解析] 此句意为“在一起案件里法院支持警察在没有搜查令的情况下搜查嫌疑人的手机”,根据题干中的the court support the officers' actions可以定位到O段中A California court upheld the officers' actions(一个加利福尼亚的法院支持警方的行为),二者意思相同。因此,正确答案是O。
2. Not only the court but also the legislatures and Congress should participate into the protection of privacy concerning cell phones.
L
[解析] 此句意为“不仅仅是法院,国会和立法方面也应该参与到涉及手机的隐私保护中来”。根据题干中的legislatures and Congress should participate可以定位到L段中He also urged legislatures and Congress to get involved(他同时敦促立法和国会方面也参与其中)。participate是对get involved的同义转述。因此,正确答案是L。
3. New technologies can help to preserve evidence on a cell phone and the Justice Department should specify the circumstances in which immediate searches are necessary.
K
[解析] 此句意为“新科技有助保留手机上的证据,而司法部应该明确在什么情况下需要采取立即搜查”,根据关键词immediate searches are necessary可以定位到K段中We will make use of whatever technology is available to preserve evidence on cell phones while seeking a warrant, and we will assist our agents in determining when urgent circumstances or another applicable exception to the warrant requirement will permit them to search the phone immediately without a warrant(我们会运用科技提供的一切方法在申请搜查令的同时确保手机上的证据不被删除,我们也会协助我们的部门决定在紧急情况下,或是符合搜查令要求的特例时允许在没有搜查令的情况下即刻搜查手机),二者意思相同。因此,正确答案是K。
4. Roberts' words about the multi-functions of the cellphone made a big influence on the justices' opinions in the oral argument.
D
[解析] 此句意为“罗伯茨有关手机的多种功能的话在口头辩论中对法官的意见产生了巨大影响”。根据题干中的multi-functions of the cell phone可以定位到D段中During oral arguments, the justices seemed divided over the issue. But they united behind soaring language from Roberts about privacy concerns in the digital era in which 90 percent of Americans carry cell phones containing sensitive information(在口头辩论中,法官们对于这一议题持不同意见,但是他们在罗伯茨雄辩——百分之九十的美国人都手持载有他们敏感信息的手机,我们必须关注电子时代的隐私问题——下达成一致),二者意思相近。因此,正确答案是D。
5. The Justice Department will cooperate with the law enforcement to ensure the implement of the new decision of the Supreme Court.
G
[解析] 此句意为“司法部会与执法部门协作确保最高法院判决的执行”。根据关键词the implement of the new decision可以定位到G段中...a Justice Department spokeswoman, said the department will work with law enforcement to ensure that the court's decision is implemented(司法部的女发言人艾伦·康莱尔说司法部会与执法机构一起协作保证最高法院决议的执行),二者意思相同。因此,正确答案是G。
6. A cell phone search will reveal more personal information including the owner's recent movements, than the search of a house.
J
[解析] 此句意为“相比较搜查屋子,搜查手机会反映更多个人信息,包括最近的动向”。根据关键词reveal more personal information可以定位到短文中J段中a cell phone search would typically expose to the government far more than the most exhaustive search of a house(搜查手机向政府暴露的信息比最彻底的搜家都多),二者意思相近。因此,正确答案是J。
7. A Stanford law professor praised the decision of the Supreme Court and said the digital information has a more profound influence on the privacy than physical objects.
F
[解析] 此句意为“斯坦福大学的法律学教授赞扬了最高法院的判决,并说电子信息对隐私的影响比任何实物都大”。根据关键词A Stanford law professor可以定位到F段中...digital information is different. It triggers privacy concerns far more profound than ordinary physical objects(……电子信息与众不同。它涉及的隐私比其他任何实物都深远),二者意思相同。因此,正确答案是F。
8. A case in which the warrantless cell phone data searches are not favored by the majority.
N
[解析] 此句意为“在一起案件中没有搜查令而得到的手机上的信息不被大多数人接受”,根据关键词cell phone data searches are not favoured by the majority可以定位到N段中The majority support a rule that said warrantless cellphone data searches are "categorically unlawful," (大部分人支持这认为没有搜查令的手机搜查得到的数据是“断然不合法的”这一判决),二者意思相近。因此,正确答案是N。
9. Though warrants are needed when there is a search but when it comes to the arrest people's privacy is often violated due to the safety of the police and securing the evidence.
H
[解析] 此句意为“尽管搜查时要有搜查令,但是在被捕时,为了保证警察的安全和证据,隐私会受到一定侵犯”,根据关键词arrest people's privacy is often violated可以定位到H段中person's privacy expectations shrink considerably after an arrest. Police may protect themselves and others by searching the arrestee for weapons or securing evidence that might be destroyed(个人的隐私期望值在被捕后会大打折扣,警察为了自己和他人的安全或是为了保证证据不被销毁会搜查被捕者),二者意思相同。因此,正确答案是H。
10. The Supreme Court ruled that a warrant is needed before the police search the cell phone of the arrested people.
A
[解析] 此句意为“最高法院裁决在搜查被捕者手机时需要出示搜查令,根据关键词a warrant is needed before the police search the cellphone可以定位到A段中The Supreme Court saying unanimously that police generally must obtain a warrant before searching the cellphone of someone they arrest(最高法院一致说道一般情况下警察在搜查被捕者的手机之前必须要有搜查令),二者意思相同。因此,正确答案是A。
Section C Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One Writing in the Edinburgh Review in 1820, Sidney Smith bemoaned: The inevitable consequences of being too fond of glory—TAXES upon every article which enters into the mouth, or covers the back, or is placed under the foot; taxes upon everything which is pleasant to see, hear, feel, smell, or taste; taxes upon warmth, light and locomotion (出行); taxes on everything on the earth, and the waters under the earth, on everything that comes from abroad or is grown at home; taxes on the raw material; taxes on every fresh value that is added to it by the industry of man; taxes on the sauce which pampers man's appetite, and the drug which restores him to health; on the ermine (貂的白皮毛) which decorates the judge, and the rope which hangs the criminal; on the poor man's salt, and the rich man's spice; on the brass nails of the coffin, and the ribands of the bride; at bed or board; couchant or levant, we must pay. The schoolboy whips his taxed top; the beardless youth manages his taxed horse, with a taxed bridle, on a taxed road; and the dying Englishman, pouring his medicine, which has paid 7 percent, into a spoon which has paid 15 percent, flings himself back upon his chintz (印花棉布) bed, which has paid 22 percent, and expires in the arms of an apothecary who has paid a license of a hundred pounds for the privilege of putting him to death. His whole property is then immediately taxed from 2 to 10 percent. Besides the probate, large fees are demanded for burying him in the chancel; his virtues are handed down to posterity on taxed marble; and he is then gathered to his fathers to be taxed no more. How far this reliance on taxing consumption helped or hindered British economic growth remains a matter for debate. The Hanoverian tax system certainly encouraged exports (which were not only duty free, but in some cases subsidized by bounties); but it is doubtful that the large transfers from consumers to untaxed rentiers had beneficial macroeconomic effects. It is striking that contemporary critics of Spanish and Dutch finance—among them Adam Smith—believed that excessive reliance on taxes on consumption tended to push up labor costs and inhibit internal trade.
(选自USA Today)
1. From the coffin to the ribands, we can find out the serious result that ______.
Passage Two Most of us lead unhealthy lives: we spend far too much time sitting down. If, in addition, we are careless about our diets, our bodies soon become flabby and systems sluggish. Then the guilt feelings start: "I must go on a diet. " "I must try to lose weight. " "I must get more fresh air and exercise. " "I must stop smoking. " "I must try to keep fit. "There are some aspects of our unhealthy lives that we cannot avoid. I am thinking of such features of modem urban life as pollution, noise, rushed meals and stress. But keeping fit is a way to minimize the effects of these evils. The usual suggestion to a person who is looking for a way to keep fit is to take up some sport or others. While it is true that every weekend you will find people playing football and tennis in the local park, they are outnumbered a hundred to one by the people who are simply watching them. It is an illusion to think that you will get fit by going to watch the football match every Saturday, unless you count the effort required to fight your way throughout the crowds to get to the best seats. For those who do not particularly enjoy competitive sports, it is especially difficult to do so if you are not good at them. There are such activities for one person as cycling, walking and swimming. What often happens, though, is that you do them in such a leisurely way, so slowly, that it is doubtful if you are doing yourself much good, apart from the fact that you have at least managed to get up out of your armchair. Of course you can be very thorough about exercise. Many sports shops now sell frightening pieces of apparatus, chest-expanders and other mysterious gadgets of shiny spring steel, which, according to the advertisements, will bring you up to an Olympic standard of fitness, provided that you follow a regular program of exercises. Such programs generally involve long periods of time bending these curious bits of metal into improbable shapes. It all strikes me as utterly boring and time-consuming. Somebody suggested recently that all such effort was pointless anyway because if you spend half an hour every day jogging round the local park, you will add to your life exactly the number of hours that you wasted doing the "jogging" in the first place. The argument is false even if the facts are correct, but there is no doubt that exercise in itself can be boring. Even after you have found a routine for keeping in shape, through sport or gymnastics, you are still only half way to good health, because, according to the experts, you must also master the art of complete mental and physical relaxation. Now, this does not mean sleeping in the armchair or going dancing (which is a good form of exercise in itself). It has something to do with deep breathing, emptying your mind of all thoughts, worries and so on.
1. If you want to keep fit, you should ______.
A.go in for not only competitive sports, but also solitary ones
B.not only go in for sports, but also enjoy your relaxation
Part Ⅳ Translation Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
1. 宫保鸡丁(Kung Pao Chicken)鸡丁、花生和红辣椒做成,是著名的传统川菜。这道菜以晚清时期的官员丁宝桢的名字命名。据说,丁宝桢很喜欢吃,尤其是“爆炒鸡丁”。丁宝桢在四川做巡抚(governor)时,他常常以爆炒鸡丁宴请宾客。为了迎合四川宾客的口味,丁宝桢改良了他最爱的“爆炒鸡丁”,加入了红辣椒。结果,辣的鸡丁比以前更美味。丁宝桢后来被授予“太子少保(Palace Guardian)”的官衔,也就是“宫保”。为了纪念丁宝桢,人们把他最爱的这道菜命名为“宫保鸡丁”。
Kung Pao Chicken, made with diced chicken, peanuts and chili pepper, is a famous traditional Sichuan dish. It was named after Ding Baozhen, a court official in the late Qing Dynasty. It is said that Mr. Ding was fond of food, especially "stir-fried diced chicken". While he was governor in Sichuan Province, he often entertained his guests with this dish. In order to cater to his Sichuan guests' taste, Ding improved his favorite "stir-fried diced chicken" by putting chili pepper into the ingredients. As a result, the dish with its spicy flavor was more delicious than ever. Since Ding was later granted the title "Palace Guardian", also called Kung Pao, people named his favorite dish "Kung Pao Chicken" in order to commemorate him.