Section Ⅰ Listening Comprehension Directions: This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet, NOT on the ANSWER SHEET. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer your answers from your test booklet onto ANSWER SHEET 1. If you have any questions, you may raise your hand NOW, as you will not be allowed to speak once the test has started. Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A You will hear a talk about a different culture. As you listen, answer Questions 1-10 by circling TRUE or FALSE. You'll hear the talk ONLY ONCE. You now have 60 seconds to read Questions 1-10.
1. Nearly all people prefer to spend extra time at work so as to get more money.
对 错
B
2. The candidate who usually worked longer hours at work for the same job would get the applied position.
对 错
A
3. The two candidates for an executive position had similar qualifications.
对 错
A
4. A group of black hunters expressed their viewpoints on people's working situation today.
对 错
B
5. Some people prefer to work more than 40 hours a week so as to let their superiors see their long-time hard work.
对 错
A
6. Many employers evaluate their employees' job performance only.
对 错
B
7. The negative point of the connection between time and productivity showed that anyone's working efficiency could decrease after a certain point.
对 错
A
8. The more time a person spends at work, the more he or she accomplishes.
对 错
B
9. A management consultant made a list of a banker's everyday activity to see if he has become lazier at work.
对 错
B
10. Employees today work shorter hours but take longer vacation than in 1979.
对 错
B
[听力原文]1-10 According to a recent survey, employees in many companies today work longer hours than employees did in 1979. They also take shorter vacations than employees in 1979 took. It seems that Americans are working harder today than ever before. Or are they? A management consultant, Bill Meyer, decided to find out. For three days, he observed an investment banker hard at work. Meyer wrote down everything the banker did during his long workday—the banker worked 80 hours a week. At the end of the three-day period, Meyer reviewed the banker's activities with him. What did they find out? They discovered that the man spent 80% of his time doing busy work. For example, he attended unnecessary meetings, made redundant telephone calls, and spent time packing and unpacking his two big briefcases. Apparently, many people believe that the more time a person spends at work, the more she or he accomplishes. However, the connection between time and productivity is not always positive. In fact, many studies indicate that after a certain point, anyone's productivity and creativity begin to decrease. Furthermore, it is not always easy for individuals to realize that their performance is failing off. Part of the problem is understandable. When employers evaluate employees, they often consider the amount of time on the job in addition to job performance. Employees know this. Consequently, they work longer hours and take less vacation time than they did nine years ago. Although many working people can do their job effectively during a regular 40-hour work week, they feel they have to spend more time on the job after normal working hours so that the people who can promote them will see them. A group of headhunters (people who search out executive personnel for companies) were asked their opinion about a situation. They had a choice of two candidates for an executive position with an important company. The candidates bad comparable qualifications for the job. For example, they were both reliable. One could do the job well in a 40-hour work week. The other would do the same job in an 80-hour week just as well. According to a headhunting expert, the 80-hour-a-week candidate would get the job. The time this candidate spends on the job may encourage other employees to spend more time at work, too. Employers believe that if the employees stay at work later, they may actually do more work. People do not work long hours only for more money. In such fields as advertising, show business, and journalism, the glamour and publicity are worth more than any monetary benefit. On the other hand, many employees are not willing to spend so much extra, unproductive time at the office. Once they finish their work satisfactorily, they want to relax and enjoy themselves. For these people, the solution is to find a company that encourages people to do both.
Part B You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording ONLY ONCE. Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.
1. The 1999 hurricane season was characterized by its______.
A.growing wind power
B.changing tracks
C.unpredictability
D.high developing frequency
A B C D
B
2. According to the speech there have been 41 Atlantic hurricanes______.
A.from 1886 to 1994
B.since 1886
C.from 1995 to 1999
D.in 1999
A B C D
C
3. As the result of the presence of colder water in the equatorial pacific, the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season had______.
A.two more named storms
B.twelve more named storms, eight more hurricanes
C.same number of hurricanes and named storms as before
D.six more hurricanes and named storms
A B C D
D
[听力原文]11-13 The 1999 Atlantic hurricane season officially comes to a close today after dealing out 12 named storms, 8 hurricanes and 5 major hurricanes with winds greater than 111 mph. As forecasted, the 1999 hurricane season was busier than the average of 10 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 3 major hurricanes. Part of this increase can be blamed on La Nila, the presence of colder than normal water in the equatorial Pacific. The season also helped push the 1995-1999 period into the record books as the most active five years for hurricanes since reliable records began in 1886; 41 hurricanes and 20 major hurricanes with winds exceeding 110 mph. Since 1995, there has been average of 13 named storms per year, which ties the record. In addition, this period had an average of 8 hurricanes, a record for the Atlantic basin, which includes the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. And all five major hurricanes in 1999 reached category 4 status--the most in a single season since records began in 1886. The 1999 hurricane season will also be known for hurricanes that often had minds of their own. These included Dennis, which teased the Southeast and Carolina coast then meandered in the western Atlantic before turning back towards land and making landfall in North Carolina as a tropical storm. Lenny became a powerful category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale near the end of the season and took a rare west to east track across the Caribbean. Overall, the season went as predicted and forecasters at the National Hurricane Center increased the accuracy of their track and landfall forecasts. Some, such as Hurricane Irene, which didn't hit Florida where predicted, showed how difficult forecasting can be.
4. Radio elements possess well-defined chemical properties so long as ______.
A.radioactive bodies continue to exist
B.unstable atoms continue to exist
C.radio elements continue to exist
D.beta rays continue to exist.
A B C D
C
5. Why were chemists surprised?
A.They discovered some elements with altered atomic structure.
B.They recognized some radioactive bodies.
C.They proved that atomic structure was unalterable.
D.They noticed these unstable atoms disintegrate spontaneously.
A B C D
A
6. Which of the following possessed of kinetic energy?
A.Radio elements and minute generators of radiation.
B.Radioactivity and atomic structures.
C.Radio elements and atomic structures.
D.Radio activity and minute generators of radiation.
A B C D
A
7. The extreme solidity of the atomic structures ______.
A.was endowed with an enormous concentration of energy
B.is made up of the ninety-two known chemical species
C.had its origin in the work of Pierre and Marie Curie
D.was established due to the efforts of chemists
A B C D
D
[听力原文] 17-20 I would like here to recall the extraordinary development of radioactivity, this new science which had its origin, less than forty years ago, in the work of Henri Becquerel and of Pierre and Marie Curie. It is known that the efforts of chemists of the last century established as a fundamental fact the extreme solidity of the atomic structures, which go to make up the ninety-two known chemical species. With the discovery of the radio elements, physicists found themselves for the first time confronted with strange substances, minute generators of radiation endowed with an enormous concentration of energy; alpha rays, positively charged helium atoms, beta rays, negatively charged electrons. Both possessed of a kinetic energy which it would be impossible to communicate to them by human agency, and finally, gamma rays, identical to very penetrating X-rays. Chemists had no less astonishment as they recognized in these radioactive bodies, elements which had undergone modifications of the atomic structure which had been thought unalterable. Each emission of an alpha or beta ray accompanies the transmutation of an atom; the energy communicated to these rays comes from inside the atom. As long as they continue to exist, radio-elements have well-defined chemical properties, like those of ordinary elements. These unstable atoms disintegrate spontaneously, some very quickly, others very slowly, but in accordance with unchanging laws which it has never been possible to interfere with. The time necessary for the disappearance of half the atoms, called the half-life, is a fundamental characteristic of each radio-element; according to the substance the value of the half-life.
8. According to another explanation,where did this expression probably come from?
A.Australia.
B.Japan.
C.Netherland.
D.England.
A B C D
D
9. When did this expression come into the American Language?
A.Some time after the Civil War.
B.During the Second World War.
C.When president George Bush was in office.
D.During the period of Independence War.
A B C D
A
10. Which of the following Can be called as a“lame duck”?
A.A disabled little child.
B.A hard-working farmer.
C.A politician who has to come to the end of his power.
D.An absent-minded old professor.
A B C D
C
11. Where Can the expression“lame duck”be heard?
A.Only among hunters.
B.Among primary school pupils.
C.Among beautiful ladies.
D.Among people who are discussing politics.
A B C D
D
[听力原文]17-20 The expression,“lame duck”,call be heard in almost any American town or city,especially where people discuss politics.Most often,they use it to describe a politician who has come to the end of his power. There are a number of ideas as to where“lame duck”came from, though the picture of a lame duck is clear enough:a duck that has had its wings cut,or its feet injured,and can no longer walk like a healthy one. The term seems to have come into the American language after the Civil War of 1861-1865.One explanation is that it came from the language of hunters who felt that it was foolish to waste powder or time on a dead duck.And a lame duck is close to being a dead duck. Another explanation,however,is that the expression came from England.There it was used to describe a man who lost all his money and could not pay his debts.He could do nothing but walk like a lame duck.And people showed little mercy for the poor fellow. But in the United States people took the phrase to describe congressman who failed to get re-elected but still had a little time left in office. Later,the expression was used in a broader sense,generally describing any man whose days of power were coming to an end.It has often been used to describe the position of an American president in the last two years or so of his second term.It is a difficult time for him,when Congress is ready to oppose him at every turn.
1. How must the shifts in the value of the dollar be in order to prevent market "shocks"?
Orderly and gradual.
2. How are part of the dollars that China accumulates spent in the US?
Buying government securities.
3. When the dollar decreases in value, the Chinese currency ______.
rides it down / decreases (with it)
4. Economist Bivens says the Bush administration talks to support a "strong" dollar in order to ______.
maintain foreigners' confidence
5. What can solve America's problem of trade imbalance according to economists?
A "cheaper" dollar / A cheaper dollar.
6. How has foreign investing in the US become since the US underwent an economic slowdown?
Less attractive.
7. What is the currency of a country compared to?
A country's stock / stock.
8. What else does the value of a currency reflect besides the financial circumstances of a country?
Supply and demand.
9. What is the dollar in the world's economy as measured by various indicators?
(The) dominant currency.
10. How have the once reasonably priced holidays in Europe become to Americans?
The opposite / More expensive / Higher in price.
[听力原文]21-30 Americans crossing borders groan in dismay as they exchange their dollars for less and less in other currencies. Holidays in Europe, for instance, that once seemed reasonably priced have become the opposite. At home, the cost of imported goods has risen. And currency analysts say the dollar's decline may continue for the foreseeable future because of a number of factors including the policies of the US government. The "shrinking" dollar isn't just an issue for people in the United States. Roger Leeds with the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies notes some global repercussions. "The dollar is unquestionably the dominant currency in the world's economy as measured by various indicators such as trade oil is invoiced (priced) in dollars and most other commodities are generally invoiced in dollars. It's also the major international reserve currency, which means that most central banks hold their foreign exchange reserves in dollars." What determines the value of the dollar and every other currency? Simply put, it's the price they are bought and sold in the global currency market place, reflecting supply and demand. Brian Dolan at GAIN Capital in New York says the value of the dollar or any currency also reflects the underlying financial circumstances of the country behind it. "The easiest way is to make an analogy—currency as the "stock" of a country. So just as a stock's performance (price) is going to depend on the performance of that company so, too, will a currency appreciate or depreciate depending on the economic prospects, the political prospects, the interest rate prospects of a given economy." Seen in that light, there are a number of factors that have combined to drive down the dollar. Beginning in 2000, the United States underwent an economic slowdown and a decline in the stock market, which analysts say made foreign investing in US companies less attractive than during the "boom" years of the late 1990's. Another factor is the US government, which in fiscal 2004 incurred a record budget deficit of nearly $413 billion as it waged war in Iraq, a global war against terror and other costly expenditures. There is also the $592 billion trade deficit—more than 5% of the US economy's total value—run up last fiscal year as Americans bought far more outside the country than they sold abroad. Economists say the trade or "current account" imbalance can be addressed by a "cheaper" dollar that makes US exports more competitive on the world market. But President Bush and Treasury Secretary John Snow continue to say they support a "strong" dollar. Josh Bivens of the Economic Policy Institute in Washington says that won't solve the trade problem. He says, "Everyone realizes that we have to worry about the trade deficits now. They've just gone as far as they can go. They're not sustainable. But yet they don't want to give up the 'strong dollar' part and they can't have it both ways. If you want to do something about the US trade deficit, you have to accept a lower value for the dollar." Economist Bivens also says the Bush administration's talk of a "strong" dollar is mainly intended to maintain foreigners' confidence in the US economy so they will continue to invest. Much of the concern over the trade imbalance has centered on China, which ties the value of its currency, the yuan, to the dollar. John Williamson at the Institute for International Economics in Washington says this has enabled Beijing to remain a dominant exporter. "When the dollar decreases in value, the Chinese currency rides it down. And so, that means that Chinese exports become more competitive in the rest of the world." China has resisted pleas to break its currency's link to the dollar in order to continue its economic expansion. But the dollars it accumulates are spent in part on buying US government securities that finance tile budget deficit. What worries some analysts is that foreign investors such as China may become reluctant to support Washington's debt. If that happens, a crisis could develop that would force the US government to raise interest rates on bonds substantially. Those analysts say Wall Street stocks and other private US investments may be driven down as a result, possibly triggering a recession. Whatever the dollar's ultimate price, economists and currency traders say in unison that any shifts in the value of the dollar and other currencies must be orderly and gradual to prevent market "shocks" that can ripple worldwide.
Section Ⅱ Use of English Read the following text and fill each of the numbered space with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. Almost daily, the gulf between education and employment widens. Careers officers complain 1 a system that presents them with school-leavers devoid of ideas for employment. Employers deplore the fact 2 teenagers are unable to spell and write and calculate. Graduates discover that a knowledge of Ancient History or Zoology counts for nothing when they are 3 for a job. With all our magnificent new colleges of further education, the super-polytechnics are 4 up like mushrooms, and our much-vaunted increase of students in fulltime education, one vital point is being left out of educational thinking. What will it earn? Because — sad 5 it may seem to those who believe in its mind- broadening, horizon-widening and stamina testing qualities — you can not eat education. 6 are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography, but I have never 7 any good jobs advertised for Geography graduates. Or am I alone in suspecting that they will all return to 8 Geography to another set of students, who in 9 will teach more undergraduates Geography? Only 10 universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering, which perhaps is just as well, in view of the speed with 10 the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. On the other hand, hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close 11 because of the lack of doctors. The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who 12 . It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and Productivity and the Department of Education and Science to get 13 with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make more economic 14 of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being frittered away on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know 15 . They might make a start by reintroducing a genuine "General" Certificate of Education. In the days 16 it meant something, this was called the School Certificate. Employers liked it, because it indicated proficiency 17 English, Arithmetic, Science and Humanities — in 18 words, that you had an all-round education You could use it as a springboard to higher education, 19 it actually meant something in itself in every 20 from chemical to clothing.
Part A Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1 Statistically, each of these new changes in law-enforcement has made some difference to the picture. Yet it seems probably that the factors that have really brought the crime rates down have little to do with policemen or politicians, and more to do with cycles that are beyond their control. The first of these is demographic. The fall in the crime rate has coincided with fall in the number of young men between the ages of 15 and 21, the peak age for criminal activity in any society, including America. In the same way, the rise in the crime rate that started in the early 1960s coincided with the teenage years of the baby-boomers. As the boomer generation matured, married, found jobs and shoulder mortgages, so the crime rate fell. This encouraging trend was quickly overshadowed, starting in the mid-1980s, by a new swarm of teenagers caught up in a new sort of depravity: the craze for crack cocaine. Crack brought with it much higher levels of violence and, in particular, soaring rates of handgun murders by people less than 25 years old. Yet the terror became too much, and the young began to leave crack alone. Within a few years, at least in most big cities, the drug market had stabilized and settled, even moving indoors; the tuff-wars were over, and crack itself had become passe. Studies of Brooklyn by Richard Curtis, of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, show the clear connection; around 1992, many young bloods decided to drop the dangerous life of the street in favor of steady jobs. In direct consequence, the local crime rate fell. Murder rates among Americans older than 25 had already been declining since 1980. Here, according to Alfred Blumstein, a professor of criminology at Carnegie-Mellon University, there may be even longer term social factors involved. In an age of easy divorce and more casual relationships, men and women are less likely to murder their partners: between 1976 and 1996, such murders fell by 40%. The decline in alcohol consumption, too, means that fewer bar-room brawls leave a litter of corpses on a Friday night. It seems that changing social trends also sometimes lie behind the fall in property crime. Burglars tend not to steal television sets now because almost everyone has one; their value on the street has plummeted, At the same time, the fact that people stay in watching their sets, rather than going out, deters would-be burglars. Extra garages are standard in the suburbs, to safeguard extra cars; credit cards mean that shoppers carry less cash in their pockets; people working from home, by means of computers, can keep a closer watch over their streets. Lastly, people are going to greater lengths to protect themselves and their property than they did in the past. This is partly because of the huge fear of crime that preceded the present decline, and partly because even with recent increases in the number of policemen--the ratio of police to violent crimes reported is still way below what it was in the 1960s.
1. Why do people make greater efforts to protect themselves?
A.Because they fear the crime preceding the present decline.
B.Because the policeman has become fewer.
C.Because they were taught to do so.
D.Because their extra garage are standard in the suburb.
A B C D
A
2. The word plummet in the 2nd line of the 5th paragraph means ______.
A.drop.
B.disappear.
C.enhance.
D.stabilize.
A B C D
A
3. Murder rate among Americans older than 25 declined because ______.
A.they married and found jobs.
B.they had to shoulder mortgage.
C.they were in an age of easy divorce.
D.they made great effort to protect themselves.
A B C D
C
4. In early 1970s the crime rate was ______.
A.the same as that in early 1960s.
B.lower than that in early 1960s.
C.higher than that in mid-1980s.
D.the same as that in mid-1980s.
A B C D
B
5. This passage mainly concerns about ______.
A.the factors influencing the crime rate.
B.the demographic causing the fall of crime rate.
C.murder rate becoming lower.
D.the effort of people to fight against crime.
A B C D
A
Text 2 Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil. You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modem times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. After all, what is the one modem form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just all ideal but an ideology. People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too. Today the messages the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and for ever happy Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks. But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Me mento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.
1. Which of the following is true of the text?
A.Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.
B.Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.
C.People feel disappointed at tile realities of modem society.
D.Mass media are disinclined to cover disasters and deaths.
2. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes ______.
A.happiness more often than not ends in sadness
B.the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing
C.misery should be enjoyed rather than denied
D.the anti happy art flourishes when economy booms
A B C D
B
主旨题。本题为段落主旨题。文章最后一段首先指出幸福并不是那种没有痛苦的欢乐,然后指出现代社会需要像过去的宗教那样能够提醒人们记起痛苦的艺术。而由该段最后一句可知,作者认为这种(反幸福)艺术能给人们带来a breath of fresh air,因此其意实际上就是说:尽管这种反幸福艺术乏味,但它能让人清醒,选[B]。
3. In the author's opinion, advertising ______.
A.emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art
B.is a cause of disappointment for the general public
C.replaces tile church as a major source of information
D.creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself
Text 3 Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America, but this year' s is a whopper. Until last week, it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities, concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool, barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight, the U.S. vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated, they' re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. "This reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply," says Dr. Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information, "and the lack of redundancy in our system." Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine, a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg, then crack the egg, harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit margins are narrow, demand is fickle and, because each year's flu virus is different, any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result, the United States now has only two major suppliers ( Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)--and when one of them runs into trouble, there isn' t much the other can do about it. "A vaccine maker can't just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs," says Manon Cox, of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. "There's a whole industry that's scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time. " Sleeker technologies are now in the works, and experts are hoping that this year's fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures--a medium already used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way, but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy, and one culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals' Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe. For Americans, the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week. That' s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand, but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact, many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign--encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.
1. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A.All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year.
B.The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way.
C.More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more.
D.Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures.
A B C D
B
[解析] 由第一段的“Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated,they're now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to.”可以判断出美国之呼吁2至64岁的健康人不接种流感疫苗,而不是所有的美国人,因此答案A是错误的。从第二段最后一句话可以看出疫苗生产厂家无法临时增加疫苗生产不是由于他们不愿意,而是由于受精鸡蛋的生产已经预先计划好,无 法提供更多的受精鸡蛋,由此可见答案C是错误的。从第三段第三行“Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way”可以判断出答案D是错误的,因为流感疫苗比别的疫苗更难用细菌培育的方式生产。而由第三段第2—3行“The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures—a。medium already used to make most other vaccines.”以及上一句可见,改造疫苗生产工艺的关键在于革新病毒培育技术。因此正确答案为B。
2. From the last paragraph we can infer that ______.
A.the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions
B.more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year
C.America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year
D.normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year
A B C D
B
[解析] 由第四段第二句“The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week.”中可以知道大约有九千五百万人有资格注射疫苗。根据第四段第三句:“That's nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand,but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year.”和前一句可以推断出美国现有大约四千七百万份流感疫苗库存,由此可推断出美国至少还有四千七百多万有资格注射疫苗的人无法得到注射。因此正确答案为B。
3. Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ______.
A.complicated process, high cost, low profit and high risk
B.shortages of fertilized chicken eggs
C.difficulty in growing live virus
D.fast changing of flu virus
A B C D
A
[解析] 第二段第二句“Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it.”意思是说“私企生产流感疫苗的积极性不高”。接下来作者介绍了制作疫苗的复杂工序,由此可以推断出流感疫苗生产工艺复杂、成本高。第二段又明确指出了私企不愿意生产流感疫苗的其他原因:利润率低、需求不稳定、此外由于流感病毒每年都不同,因此生产数量不能过大,由此也可推断出生产的风险性大,如果生产多了就会损失很大。因此正确答案为A。
4. The word "cleared" (Line 4, Paragraph 3) might mean ______.
A.permitted
B.removed
C.proved
D.produced
A B C D
A
[解析] 在第三段最后一句“…one culture-based product has been cleared for marketing in Europe.”里出现了“cleared”一词。根据下文中“marketing”和读者有关药品上市前应该得到批准的常识,可以判断出,该词在本句中的意思是“得到官方的批准”。因此正确答案为A。
5. Shortages of flue vaccine show that ______.
A.America relies too much on foreign suppliers
B.the demand of flue vaccines is high this year
C.quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production
D.the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up
A B C D
D
[解析] 第一段最后一句话指出了疫苗短缺所暴露出来的问题。“This reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply.”says Dr.Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information,“and the lack of redundancy in our system.”“这再次凸显出我们疫苗供应的脆弱性,”全国免疫信息网的马丁·迈尔斯医生说,“此外,我们也没有必要的补救机制。”因此正确答案为D。
Part B In the following article some paragraphs have been removed for Questions 66-70. Choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 It was a moment most business executives would pause to savor:late last year, German sporting goods pioneer Adidas learned that after years of declining market share, the company had sprinted past U. S. Reebok International to take the second place behind Nike in the race for worldwide sales. But Robert Louis-Dreyfus, the rumpled Frenchman who now runs Adidas, and didn't even stop for one of his trademark Havana cigars in celebration,worried that the company would grow complacent. Instead,he and a group of friends bought French soccer club Olympic de Marseille "Now that's something I have dreamed about since I was a kid. " Louis-Dreyfus says with an adolescent grin. 67.______ With sales in the first three quarters of 1996 at $ 2.5 billion, up a blithering 30.7% over 1995, it's hard to recall the dismal shape Adidas was in when Louis-Dreyfus took over as chairman in April 1993. Founded in 1920 by Adi Dassler, the inventor of the first shoes designed especially for sports, the company enjoyed a near monopoly in athletic shoes until an upstart called Nike appeared in the 1970s and rode the running fad to riches. By the early 1990s Adidas had come under the control of French businessman Bernard Tapie, who was later jailed for bribing three French soccer players. Although the company tried to spruce up its staid image with a team of American designers, Adidas lost more than $100 million in 1992, prompting the French banks that had acquired control of the company from Tapie to begin a desperate search for a new owner. 68.______ The poker-loving Louis-Dreyfus knew he had been dealt a winning hand. Following the lead set by Nike in the 1970s, he moved production to low-wage factories in China, Indonesia and Thailand and sold Adidas' European factories for a token one Deutsche mark apiece. He hired Peter Moore, a former product designer at Nike, as creative director, and set up studios in Germany for the European market and in Portland, Oregon, for the U. S. He then risked everything by doubling his advertising budget. "We went from a manufacturing company to a marketing company, "says Louis-Dreyfus. "It didn't take a genius--you just had to look at what Nike and Reebok were doing. It was easier for someone coming from the outside, with no baggage, to do it,than for somebody from inside the company. " 69.______ "The marketing at Adidas is very,very good right now," says Eugenio Di Maria, editor of Sporting Good Intelligence, an industry newsletter perceiving Adidas as a very young brand. "The company is particularly strong in apparel, much stronger than Nike and Reebok. " Although 90% of Adidas products for wear on street instead of sports fields, Louis-Dreyfus felt the previous management had lost sight of Adidas' roots as a sporting products company. After all, Adi Dassler invented the screw-in stud for the soccer shoe and shod American champion Jesse Owens in the 1936 Olympics. So he sold off or folded other non-core brands that Adidas had developed, including Le Coq Sportif, Arena and Pony. Europe is still the company's largest market because Adidas dominates the apparel industry and thanks to soccer's massive popularity there, Louis-Dreyftts is quick to share credit for the turnaround with a small group of friends who bought the company with him in 1993. One of those fellow investors is a former IMS colleague, Christian Tourres, now sales director at Adidas. "We're pretty complementary because I'm a bit of a dreamer, so it's good to have somebody knocking on your head to remind you there's a budget," says Louis-Dreyfus. Commuting to the firm's headquarters in the Bavarian town of Herzogenaurach from his lakeside house outside Zurich,Louis-Dreyfus also transformed Adidas from a stodgy German company into a business with a global outlook. Appalled on his first day at work that the chief executive had to sign a salesman's travel voucher for $300,he slashed the company's bureaucracy, adopted American accounting rules and brought in international management talent. The company's chief financial officer is Australian and the international,marketing manager is a Swede. English is the official language of the head office and no Germans remain on the managing board of the company, now whittled down to just himself and a few trusted aides. "It was clear we needed decentralization and financial controls, "recalls Louis-Dreyfus. "With German accounting rules, I never knew if I was making money or losing. " 70.______ "He gives you a lot of freedom, "says Michael Michalsky, a 29-year-old German who heads the company's apparel design team. "He has never interfered with a decision and never complained. He's incredibly easy to work for. " 71.______ The challenge for Louis-Dreyfus is to keep sales growing in a notoriously trend-driven business. In contrast to the boom at Adidas, for example, Reebok reported a 3 % line in sales in the third quarter. Last fall Adidas rolled out a new line of shoes called "Feet You Wear" which are supposed to fit more comfortably than conventional sneakers by matching the natural contour of the foot. The first 500 000 sold out. Adidas is an official sponsor of the World Cup, to be held next June in France, which the company hopes to turn to a marketing bonanza that will build on the strength of soccer worldwide. But Reebok also has introduced a new line called DMX Series 2000 and competition is expected to be fierce in the coming spring.
A. Just as the transition was taking place, Adidas had a run of good luck. The fickle fashion trendsetters decided in. early 1993 that they wanted the" retro look", and the three-stripes Adidas logo, which had been overtaken by Nike swoop, was suddenly hot again. Models such as Cindy Crawford and Claudia Schiffer and a score of rock idole sported Adidas gear on television, in films and music videos, giving the the company a free publicity bonanza. Demand for Adidas products soared.
B. Louis-Dreyfus, scion of a prominent French trading dynasty with an M.B.A. from Harvard, earned a reputation as a doctor to sick companies after turning around London-based market research firm IMS-a feat that brought him more than $10 million when the company was eventually sold. He later served as chairman of Saatchi & Saatchi, then the world's largest ad agency, which called him in when rapid growth sent profits into a tailspin. With no other company or entrepreneur willing to gamble on Adidas, Louis-Dreyfus got an incredible bargain from the banks: he and a group of friends from his days at IMS contributed just $10,000 each in cash and signed up for $100 million in loans for 15% of the company, with an option to buy the remainder at a fixed price 18 months later.
C. In another break with the traditional German workplace, Louis-Dreyfus made corporate life almost gratingly informal: employees ostentatiously called him" Rowbear" as he strides down the corridors, and bankers are still amazed when counterparts from Adidas show up for negotiations wearing sweatshirts and sneakers.
D. The company's payroll ,which had reached a high of 14,600 in 1986 ,was pared back to just 4,600 in 1994. (It has since grown to over 6000. )
E. A sports fun who claims he hasn't missed attending a soccer World Cup final since the 1970s or the Olympic Games since 1968, the 50-year-old Louis-Dreyfus now is eminently well placed to live out many of his boyhood fantasies. Not only has he turned Adidas into a global company with market capitalization of $4 billion (he owns stock worth $ 250 million), but he also has endorsement contracts with a host of sports heroes from tennis great Steffi Graf to track's Donovan Bailey, and considers it part of the job to watch his star athletes perform on the field. "There are very few chances in life to have such fun. "he says.
F. After reducing losses in 1993, Adidas turned to a profit in 1994 and has continued to surge: net income for the first three quarters in 1996 was a record $214 million,up 29% from the previous year. Louis-Dreyfus and his friends made great personal fortunes when the company went public in 1995. The original investors still own 26% of the stock,which sold for $46 a share when trading has doubled to $90.
A PASSAGE 1: According to US Trade Representative Robert B. Zoellick, the ambitious US proposal for worldwide zero tariffs is comprehensive, and would benefit both developed and developing nations. The proposal, said Zoellick, when combined with the far-reaching US agricultural reform proposal submitted to the WTO in July, would eliminate tariffs on the nearly $6 trillion in annual world goods trade, lifting the economic fortunes of workers, families, businesses, and consumers. "Our proposal would turn every corner store in America into a duty-free shop for working families," said Zoellick. "This historic proposal would benefit the average American family with an extra $1,600 a year, while also removing high foreign tariff barriers on more than $670 billion in US industrial and consumer goods exports. Globally, tariff-free trade could help lift millions of people in developing countries out of poverty." "President Bush believes that American workers, farmers, ranchers and businesses must have more than just the ability to compete globally, they must also have the opportunity to do so," said US Commerce Secretary Don Evans. "This proposal says that 'no one wins unless we all win' and ensures a level playing field for America's goods and ingenuity to compete fairly around the world." B PASSAGE 2: The US proposal envisions a two-step approach to eliminating tariffs on a full-range of consumer and industrial goods ranging from women's shoes, to tractors, to children's toys. First, WTO members would be required to cut and harmonize their tariffs in the five year period from 2005 to 2010. Specifically, WTO members would eliminate all tariffs at or below 5 percent by 2010, cut all other tariffs through a "tariff equalizer" formula to less than 8 percent by 2010, and eliminate tariffs in certain highly traded industry sectors as soon as possible, but not later than 2010. Next, all WTO members would make equal annual cuts in remaining tariffs between 2010 and 2015. These cuts would result in zero tariffs. The proposal also calls for a separate program to identify and eliminate non-tariff barriers, which would run on a parallel track with the negotiations on industrial tariffs. The US will put forward an initial list of such barriers in January of 2003. C PASSAGE 3: According to the Office of US Trade Representative (USTR), eliminating US tariffs would significantly benefit US families and consumers through lower import taxes and a more competitive economy. Hidden import taxes cost American consumers $18 billion in 2001, alone. USTR contends that duty-free trade would eliminate these hidden costs and lower prices for consumers. While this proposal would offer substantial benefits to all Americans, it would particularly help low-income families. A recent study by the Progressive Policy Institute found that cutting US import taxes especially benefits single-parent, low-income families, who typically pay a higher proportion of their income on import taxes than other households. A study done by the University of Michigan found that the US economy would expand by $95 billion as a result of tariff-free trade--contributing to job-creation and higher wages. The University of Michigan study also revealed: The elimination of industrial tariffs by other countries could increase US exports by $83 billion annually highly-traded goods exports, such as chemicals, paper, and scientific equipment, which are targeted in the US proposal for total tariff elimination, account for 60 percent of all US exports. Estimates by the World Bank project that tariff-free global trade would result in a worldwide income gain of $832 billion from trade in all goods including agriculture, of which $539 billion (65 percent) would flow to developing countries. Representing an income increase of about $544 for a family of four, the World Bank estimates that free trade in goods and services could help lift 300 million people out of poverty-- a number greater than the entire population of the United States. D PASSAGE 4: The reduction and elimination of tariffs on consumer and industrial goods is a component of the WTO negotiations launched in Doha, Qatar in 2001 to be completed by January 1, 2005. Throughout the year, United States leadership has continued to spur momentum on the Doha Development Agenda in the WTO: ·On July 1, the United States announced proposals for liberalizing global trade in services, designed to remove foreign barriers in areas such as financial services, telecommunications, and environmental services. ·On August 9, the United States submitted a proposal to expand transparency and public access to World Trade Organization dispute settlement proceedings. The proposal would open WTO dispute settlement proceedings to the public for the first time and give greater public access to briefs and panel reports. ·On October 17, the United States submitted a paper highlighting the importance of strengthening transparency and due process in the application of trade remedies (antidumping, subsidies, and safeguard actions). It addresses the basic concepts and principles of the trade remedy rules against unfair trade, and the importance of tackling the trade-distorting practices that are frequently the root causes of unfair trade. The US also submitted a paper presenting a number of ideas and recommendations for addressing trade- and market-distorting practices in the steel sector. ·the US will propose tariff-cutting in two phases? 72. ______ ·how a duty-free world would help US consumers? 73. ______ ·the proposal could averagely save a US family $1,600 a year? 74. ______ ·the US will submit an initial list of non-tariff barriers? 75. ______ ·the procedure of the tariff-free proposal arranged through the whole year? 76. ______ ·tariff-free world trade could help lift millions of people out of 77. ______ poverty in the world? 78. ______ ·the US put forward a paper about reasons of unfair trade? 79. ______ ·the US has called on the WTO to eliminate all tariffs on consumer 80. ______ and industrial goods worldwide? 81. ______
1.
D/A
2.
A/D
3.
D
4.
C/A
5.
A/C
6.
D
7.
B
8.
A
9.
C
10.
B
Section Ⅳ Writing
1. Many young people prefer to start their career m the big, prestigious working units. But some tend to work in small units. What are the advantages and disadvantages of working in big and small working units? What's your choice? Write an article to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to gererate support for your argument. You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.