Section Ⅰ Listening Comprehension Directions: This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet, NOT on the ANSWER SHEET. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer your answers from your test booklet onto ANSWER SHEET 1. If you have any questions, you may raise your hand NOW, as you will not be allowed to speak once the test has started. Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A You will hear a talk about a different culture. As you listen, answer Questions 1-10 by circling TRUE or FALSE. You'll hear the talk ONLY ONCE. You now have 60 seconds to read Questions 1-10.
1. Though Paul is disabled, he managed to move around in the house.
对 错
B
[听力原文] 1-10 Do It Yourself Magazine organizes a competition every summer to elect the“Handyman of the year”. The winner of this year iS Mr.Roy Miller. a Sheffield postman. A journalist and a photographer have come to his house. The journalist is interviewing Mr. Miller for an article in the magazine. W:Well, I'm very impressed by all the work you've done on your house, Mr. Miller. How long have you been working on it? M:I first became interested in Do-it-Yourself several years ago. You see, my son Paul is disabled. He's in a wheel-chair and I just had to make alterations to the house. I couldn't afford to pay workmen to do it. I had to learn to do it myself. W:Had you had any experience in this kind of work?Did you have any practical skills? M:No. 1 got a few books from the library but they didn't help very much. So I decided to go to evening classes so that I could learn basic carpentry and electrical wiring. W:What sort of changes did you make to the house? M:First of all, practical things to help Paul. You never really realize the problems handicapped people have until it attacks your own family. Most government buildings, for example, have steps up to the door. They don't plan buildings so that disabled people can get in and out. We used to live in a flat, and of course, it was totally unsuitable. Just imagine the problems a disabled person would have in your house. We needed a larger house with wide corridors so that Paul could get from one room to another. We didn't have much money and we had to buy this one. It's over ninety years old and it was in a very bad state of repair. W:Where did you begin? M:The electrical. I completely rewired the house so that Paul could reach all the switches. I had to lower the light switches and raise the power-points. I went on to do the whole house so that Paul could reach things and go where he needed. W:What else did you do? M:By the time I'd altered everything for Paul, do-it-yourself had become a hobby. I really enjoyed doing things with my hands. Look, I even installed smoke-alarms. W:What was the purpose of that? M:I was very worried about fire. You see, Paul can't move very fast. I fitted them so that we would have plenty of warning if there were a fire. I put in a complete burglar-alarm system. It took weeks.The front door opens automatically. and I'm going to put a device on Paul's wheelchair so that he'll be able to open and close it when he wants. W:What are you working on now? M:I've just finished the kitchen. I've designed it so that he can reach everything. Now I'm building an extension so that Paul will have a large room on the ground floor where he can work. W:There's a $10,000 prize. How are you going to spend it? M:I am going to start my own business so that I can convert ordinary houses for disabled people. I think I've become an expert on the subject.
2. Mr Miller enjoys doing things with his own hands.
对 错
A
3. The front door to his home does not open automatically.
对 错
B
4. Mr Miller bought his house simply because the flat he used to live in was too expensive.
对 错
B
5. Government buildings often have special paths for those people handicapped.
对 错
B
6. Paul could reach all the switches because they Were originally installed at the right height of him.
对 错
B
7. Do-it-Yourself has become one of Mr Miller's hobbies.
对 错
A
8. Mr Miller had known a lot about carpentry and electric wiring before he was engaged in do-it-yourself.
对 错
B
9. Mr Miller did changes on the house only for fun.
对 错
B
10. Mr Miller will buy a new house with the money he has won.
对 错
B
Part B You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording ONLY ONCE. Questions 11~13 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11~13.
[听力原文]11-13 Announcer: Good evening, and welcome to this evening's viewing on TV America International. I'm Harry Wells. Before we go on to our first program, let me tell you what we've chosen for you tonight. Beginning in a few minutes' time at 7:05 is Regional Special, part of our documentary series which takes a look at some of the more traditional ways of living that still exist, in many parts of our country. Today we'll be seeing the old Dutch communities in Pennsylvania. After Regional Special, at 7:50 there is the News—a look at today's national and international news events. After that, at 8:10 you can settle down in your armchairs for episode sixteen of our extremely popular series High Society. This will be followed at 9:00 by a live variety show presenting such all time greats as Eric Clayton and Woody Allen as well as some more recent talent—that great rock band, Fusion. At 10:00 we have fifteen minutes of Cleaver the Cat cartoons, and at 10:15 our sports program, highlighting all today's important national and international sporting events. And then at 11:00 you can see our late night news. At 11:15 we come to our popular health program-Keeping Fit. Tonight we will be looking at some of the dangers involved in keeping fit. And last of all, at midnight, we have our midnight movie, which tonight features Dustin Hoffman in his lighthearted but serious comedy Tootsie. Well, that's what we've planned for your viewing this evening. We hope you enjoy our selection and may we wish you Good Viewing.
[听力原文]11-13 Good evening, everyone. Welcome to this lecture on reading hygiene. Perhaps you would ask what is reading hygiene? Well, hygiene tells us how to live comfortably and healthfully; it helps us to make the best use of our bodies. Reading hygiene, then, tells us how to make the use of our eyes-how to prevent eyestrain and how to read more comfortably. First and foremost, let us see what would happen if you misuse your eyes. When your eyes are not used properly, they let you know in various ways. Your eyes may hurt and your eyelids become red. You may not be able to see clearly. You may have headache, feel dizzy, or be uncomfortable in other ways. The human eye will stand hard use, but not abuse. Every day you have many opportunities to use your eyes wisely and well. Here are some good hints for good eye health that everyone can follow: Rest your eyes before they get tired. If you are reading for a long time, you can just close your eyes from time to time or look off at some distant object. You will find that doing this relaxes your eye muscles, just as a good stretch relaxes your body. Never be careless about lighting. Do not read in either too dim a light or a glare. Be careful not to read in the twilight or in direct sunlight. Have the kind of light in which you see most clearly and comfortably. Hold the book the distance from your eyes at which you can read most easily and comfortably. Many people read comfortably with the book about fourteen inches from their eyes. But each of us must find the distance that is best for him. Try not to read much while traveling on a moving train or bus. That causes eyestrain for many people. You can use the time doing other things, or thinking about what you've read. Your eyes are your most faithful servants. Like friends, if treated well, they will help you for many years.`
5. What is said about the best distance between a book and our eyes when reading?
7. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, what is the first thing he should do?
A.Complain personally to the manager.
B.Threaten to take the matter to court.
C.Write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase.
D.Show some written proof of the purchase to the store.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] 11-13 When a consumer finds that all itern she or he bought is broken or in some other way does not reach the standard of the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty. or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumers may use to gain satisfaction. A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the“higher, up”the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be tackled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favor, assuming he or she has a just claim. Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they can not get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the itern in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, “The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear”is better than“this stereo does not work”. The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a stemp further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers'rights.
8. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of the problem, whom is it better to complain to?
1. What kind of overview does the book intend to give about American society?
Concise and well-rounded
[听力原文]21-30 This book is an attempt to introduce the reader to the United States. It intends to give a concise but fairly well rounded overview of present-day American society; not only a picture of surface phenomena, but insights into American culture and insights about the American people. Various aspects of American life are presented through articles written mainly by Americans them selves, or by westerners familiar with the United States. Most were written by scholars or specialists on the topic of the field. A number of articles were written by sociologists. This gives a perspective that goes beyond the common articles written for the average tourist, for the person with passing curiosity, or for the ordinary man-in-the-street. A number of articles were also selected with the idea of presenting different, sometimes conflicting, points of view about the same topic. This, it is hoped, will help the reader to gain better understanding and to help him draw his own conclusions. It should be stressed that the viewpoints of the various authors are not necessarily those of the compilers of this book. We may agree with all of some articles, only partially with others, and possibly disagree considerably with a few of the selections. To allow the reader to use his own judgement, we have generally kept the articles in their original form, If changes were made they were to make the language easier or to make tile articles more manageable for the reader. Most of the articles in this book were selected on the basis of the following criteria: 1. Their suitability for giving accurate information about a topic or some aspect of the topic. These articles should help present a well-rounded picture of the whole. In this respect, we have sometimes given preference to an earlier article rather than a later one if the former gives a more insightful or more comprehensive treatment of the subject. 2. Their appeal to the ordinary reader. These articles should be authoritative and reliable, yet not too elementary. The contents should be of interest to most readers. 3. Their linguistic quality and degree of difficulty. The level for which these articles are intended is college students of English, other college students with a fairly good command of English, and the general readers interested in the US and with fairly good comprehension of the language. 4. Their general relevance to Chinese readers or Chinese society. These articles should have some general significance to China, either present or future, and not be totally irrelevant. Obviously no one book can give a completely comprehensive picture or description of such a vast and complex nation. Many readers may disagree with our choice of topics; most likely a number will say we have left out important ones. Many may feel we did not use our best judgement in selecting the articles. We must admit that we did not always agree among ourselves. We were further restricted by the limited amount of materials to choose from. Needless to say, we welcome suggestions and criticisms from our readers. And in spite of all its shortcomings, if the book has helped the reader to gain some insight and understanding about the United States and its people and has stimulated the reader to go further, and to study more, then in a modest way this book will have accomplished much of what it was intended to do.
材料第一段第二句即指出:It intends to give a concise but fairly well-rounded overview of present-day American society(它旨在对今日的美国社会进行简要而全方位的概述)。由于有字数限制,因此只要填入两个修饰语concise and well-rounded即可。
2. Most of the articles in the book were written by ______.
scholars and/or specialists
本题答案信息对应于第二段第二句:Most were written by scholars or specialists...,即大部分文章都是由学者、专家所撰写。
3. What is said about the points of view of some articles on the same topic?
Different, sometimes/even conflicting
材料第二段倒数第二句指出:A number of articles... presenting different, sometimes conflicting, points of view about the same topic,即在选取文章时,一些主题相同的文章给出的是不同的、有时甚至相互对立的观点。题句只是将这一句变成了特殊问句。
4. In what form do most articles appear in this book?
(In) Original (form)
答案信息对应于材料第三段倒数第二句:To allow the reader... kept the articles in their original form,即为了止读者自己判断,选取的文章通常都“保持最初的状态”即未作改动。
5. The criteria for choosing an earlier article rather than a later one is whether the former gives a more ______ treatment of the Subject.
6. What type of students is the book mainly compiled for?
College students
第3条标准谈论的是所针对的读者对象。其中第二句指出:The level for which these articles are intended is college students of...,即这些文章的读者对象是大学生及其他一些对美国感兴趣、英语掌握程度相当不错的读者。由于题目指出的是students,因此答案是College students。
7. What English language level are the readers of this book expected to have?
Fairly good
本题答案也对应于第3条标准中的第二句。其中在提到非英语专业的大学生读者时,指出这些读者要有a fairly good command of English;在提到其他普通读者时,又指出他们要有fairly good comprehension of the language,由此可知本书对读者英语水平的要求就是相当好,故用fairly good回答。
8. What does the speaker say the compilers of the book would welcome from the readers?
Suggestions and criticisms
答案信息对应于最后一段倒数第二句:we welcome suggestions and criticisms from our readers(我们欢迎读者提出建议和批评)。
9. What do the compilers hope that the readers would do after reading the book?
Go further/Study more/Make further study
答案信息对应于材料最后一句:...and has stimulated the reader to go further, and to study more...,即编者希望本书能激励读者进一步学习。
10. In general, what aspects of America are introduced into this book?
Society and culture/people
材料的主旨段就是第一段。第一段在引入话题后用了—个复杂句指出该书要向读者介绍的内容:It intends to give... overview of present day American society; not only... American culture and... the American people。由分号前后明显的并列关系可以看出,该书一是要为读者介绍“今日的美国社会”;二是要介绍“美国文化”和“美国人民”。
Section Ⅱ Use of English Read the following text and fill each of the numbered space with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. How men first learned to invent words is 1 ; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men, 2 animals, somehow invented certain sounds to 3 thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate 4 each other; and 5 later they agreed 6 certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those 7 , and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether 8 or written in letters, we call 9 . The power of words, then, lies in their association—the things they bring up before our 10 . Words become filled with 11 for us by experience; and the 12 we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our 13 ; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increase. Great writers are 14 who not only have great thoughts but also 15 these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully 16 our minds and emotions. This charming and telling use of words is 17 we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of 18 . He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and 19 by their position and association can move men to tear. We should, 20 , learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make out speech silly and vulgar.
1.
unknown
2.
unlike
3.
express
4.
with
5.
that
6.
upon
7.
sounds
8.
spoken
9.
words
10.
minds
11.
meaning
12.
longer
13.
past
14.
those
15.
express
16.
to
17.
what
18.
words
19.
which
20.
therefore
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Part A Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1 To try to bring context back, Hueter and Burgess teamed with NOAA and Sea Grant to hold a press conference in the spring of 2002 at the National Press Club. "We wanted to try to get the press to adopt some rules of engagement," Hueter says. "We wanted them to calm hysteria, use perspective and write more articles not focusing on attack." Burgess and Hueter stress sharks' importance in the ecological balance and health of the oceans, which depend on complex food webs involving every sea creature. Just like apex land predators, sharks are important in that balance. "They're a top predator and few in number," Hunter says. "When they're eliminated, there's nothing to fill in that place." More than 100 million sharks are killed each year by fishermen, which can devastate certain species that grow slowly and can take as long as 15 to 20 years to reach reproductive age. The prehistoric creatures continue to fascinate scientists with their immune and reproductive systems and their advanced senses and they've been used as a classic vertebrate anatomy tool for years because they bear many similarities to humans. Scientists believe that unprovoked attacks are cases of mistaken identity, or the sharks just having a taste to see whether they want some more. Most of attacks are not fatal. According to the International Shark Attack File, globally, there were 55 unprovoked attacks in 2003, with four fatalities. In the US, one is 30 times more likely to be struck by lightning than to be attacked by a shark, and bees, wasps and snakes cause more deaths each year than sharks. The number of attacks seems to have risen dramatically in the 1990s, but this is partly attributed to more thorough record-keeping by the International Shark Attack File and more public awareness leading to more reports. Also, the number of shark-human contacts in a year is directly proportional to the number of humans in the sea. As the world population increases and more and more people, take to the waters, it is logical that shark attacks, along with other water-related injuries, will increase. Due to overfishing, shark populations are seriously declining in some cases and holding at reduced numbers in others. According to George Gerbner's Cultivation Theory, people can be affected by the amount and the content of the TV and movies they watch. The portrayals of things in these media can create a false sense of society. For example, one who watches a lot of crime shows could perceive the world to be a much more dangerous place than it actually is. So be it with TV shows and movies that feature shark attacks. Things can appear to be more common than they actually are. But this isn't the only reason people fear sharks--sharks do have teeth and can bite. Humans could see other predators coming and kill them with a single shot, but in shark territory, the predator is invisible.
1. What did the team with NOAA and Sea Grant aim to do at the National Press Club in 2002?
A.To hold a press conference.
B.To bring context back.
C.To get the media not to focus on shark attacks.
D.To calm the disturbance caused by shark attacks.
A B C D
C
2. Why are sharks important in the ecological balance and health of the oceans?
A.They are apex carnivores and reduced in numbers.
B.They are killed and few in numbers.
C.They are certain species that grow slowly.
D.They are flesh-eating animals and kill other sea creatures.
A B C D
A
3. Scientists are greatly astonished by
A.their similarities to humans.
B.their immune and reproductive systems.
C.a classic vertebrate anatomy tool.
D.their complex food menu.
A B C D
B
4. It is logical that shark attacks will increase due to
A.the reduced numbers in other creatures.
B.overfishing by fishermen.
C.their nature.
D.the rise of shark-human contacts.
A B C D
D
5. People perceive sharks much more dangerous than they actually are, mainly because
A.they have teeth and can bite.
B.they are invisible predators.
C.TV shows and movies create a false sense of society.
D.they attack along with other water-related features.
A B C D
C
Text 2 Although it takes people with many different skills to keep our planes, ships, railroads, trucks ,and uses on the move, transportation workers have certain traits in common. Because of the millions of travelers who depend on them, transportation workers must be conscientious in their work and pay close attention to detail. The shopworkers who build and repair railroad cars, for example, must do their work carefully so that cars don't break down while they're in use. Air traffic controllers have to pay strict attention to guide planes safely on their proper course. Long-distance truckdrivers must stay wide awake and concentrate on driving for hours at a time. Sailors, drivers, pilots, and railroad engineers all need to be alert while they're on the job. For many transportation workers, the ability to keep calm and work under pressure is important. Meeting schedules—delivering goods or people on time—is very important in the transportation industry. Yet storms, accidents, traffic tie-ups, and other unexpected situations crop up from time to time. Transportation workers have to be able to think quickly and act decisively in order to get things back on schedule as soon as possible. An easygoing personality is an asset for transportation workers who are in direct contact with the public. Local transit bus and taxicab drivers, for example, must have the patience to deal effectively with passengers—the rude ones as well as the pleasant ones—and the steady nerves to drive in all traffic situations, Workers who sell tickets answer questions, listen to complaints, or try to get new business need to be good at dealing with all kinds of people. Some transportation workers need the ability to work as part of a team. In the merchant marine, for example, cooperation and interaction among the deck, engine, and steward's departments are essential for "the smooth sailing "of the ship. Not only do members of the ship's crew work as a team, but they eat, sleep, and socialize together too. Others in transportation need to be able to work independently. Long-distance truekdrivers may spend days alone on the road. They must organize their time and set a steady speed in order to deliver goods on schedule. The things that transportation workers do arc not necessarily strenuous, but they require good health and physical stamina. Baggage attendants, for example, carry and load passengers' luggage on trains, buses, and airplanes. Parking attendants and flight attendants are on their feet and serving customers most of the time. Some jobs may not require much physical activity but demand excellent health just the same. Air traffic controllers, local and long-distance bus and truckdrivers, and locomotive engineers are some examples. These jobs all require workers who are levelheaded and have steady nerves. In many cases workers must pass strict physical exams to enter these occupations.
1. The second paragraph points out that ______.
A.shopworkers are responsible fro ears breakdown when they are in use
B.on most occasions, air crashes are caused by air traffic con trollers' carelessness
C.it would be really hard work for truckdrivers to cover a long-distance journey
D.transportation workers must do their work with great care and on the alert.
A B C D
D
2. It is important for transportation workers to be able to keep calm and work under pressure because ______.
A.millions of travelers depend on them
B.they have to deliver goods or people on time
C.unexpected situations such as accidents, storms, etc, arise at times in their work
D.they have to pay all their attention to their work for a very long time
A B C D
C
3. Which of the following statements is not true?
A.Some transportation workers must have quick response to the public.
B.Transportation workers must be easygoing and patient.
C.Truckdrivers have to deliver goods on schedule completely alone.
D.Sailors must work together to make their successful voyage.
A B C D
A
4. The reasons for transportation workers to have good health and physical stamina show that they will not ______.
A.keep calm and be competent to do their work without good health
B.be healthy without much physical exercise
C.enter transportation occupations without physical exams
D.do their strenuous work well without being physically strong
A B C D
A
5. The writer's main point in writing this article is ______.
A.to illustrate the bitterness and sweetness of transportation workers' life
B.to tell the differences among transportation workers
C.to show that transportation workers have certain traits in common
D.to prove the importance and strict requirements of transportation occupations
A B C D
C
Text 3 The importance of the independents is a matter not just of acclaim but of commerce, look at the films that make the most money worldwide for each dollar spent in making them. The best performers are often the work of independents; they may be quirky; they may appeal to minorities; they may be funny. What they are almost without exception not is big Hollywood studio dramas. Indeed, many are not even American. The Academy has taken notes. This year two fifths or more of nominees in most major categories came from beyond America. In itself, that's hardly a threat to Hollywood--co-opting foreign and immigrant talent has been one of its great strengths. The documentary maker Keiko Ibi wept when she won: "Who would have thought a girl from Japan could make a movie about Jewish senior citizens and actually receive this award." Martin Scorsese praised Elia Kazan's "lifelong quarrel with his adopted country." But it's not just foreign talent; foreign ideas are slipping in as well. On four out of five of the films nominated for best picture this year, the director apparently had control over the final cut, a power that studio chiefs used to consider at least as un-American as membership in the Communist Party. On top of the foreign ideas and foreign talent, there's also new technology. Of this year's five nominees for best art direction, the two films with the most impressive and expressive looks-- "Pleasantville" and "What Dreams May Gone" --both relied on computerized effects. The craft skills of all sorts of future films will be programming skills, and Hollywood has no lock on them. A full-blown science-fiction-effects extravaganza such as "Lost in Space" can now be put together using the work of the small and medium effects houses of London. One so far unrecognized and far from spectacular aspect of this digital revolution may turn out to be crucial to furthering the internationalization of cinema. Dubbing dialogue into a foreign language is not terribly satisfactory. Cineastes prefer subtitles--which the American public normally shuns. As films become entirely digital, soft-ware to match an actor's mouth movements to dialogue in a different language would come into its own. Such software already exists, and it's a fair bet it will get pretty good pretty quick. When that happens, foreign-language films will be able to enjoy much wider releases within America. None of this means Hollywood is going to stop being a significant cultural influence around the world. But everything at the Oscars suggests it is going to have to come to a new accommodation with that world and its changes. As Whoopi Goldberg told the worldwide audience, "We love that you love what we do, and if you want to do it too, well then, like that young lady who won the documentary Oscar, you come on over." So far, so Hollywood. But then she added something new: "Or say where you are." Just like the Oscar voters, would-be Oscar winners have a choice, too, and the world's films will be the better for it.
1. The writer's general attitude towards the importance of the independents is______.
A.objective
B.indifferent
C.prejudicial
D.alert
A B C D
A
2. What does the author say about adding foreign talent to the academy award list?
A.It is threatening Hollywood.
B.It shows Hollywood's strength.
C.It prevails over Hollywood.
D.It is under the influence of Hollywood.
A B C D
B
3. Which of the following is not mentioned when the writer refers to the nominated films?
A.Foreign ideas and foreign talent.
B.Independents,
C.New technology and digital revolution.
D.Un-American film development.
A B C D
D
4. The word "accommodation" in paragraph 5 means______.
A.adjustment
B.lodgings
C.capacity to receive people
D.convenience
A B C D
A
5. Which of the following best summarises the text?
A.There are reasons for Oscar to go global.
B.Hollywood is still a significant cultural influence around the world.
C.Americans welcome foreign-langnage films.
D.Hollywood is facing the new roles of independents and foreign talent.
A B C D
A
Part B
According to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters. 65.______ About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical—1 billionth of a gram—is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been ex- posed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time. 66.______ Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a cluster of low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often found in moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season—reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white. 67.______ The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and their foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance. 68.______ The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure. 69.______ In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol, within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, bum, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread—the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the on soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs.
A. Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant—the leaves, stems, and roots—it's best to a- void the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rote to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf—bnt it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group.
B. Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeat exposures to the plant.
C. Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy.
D. Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green, and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampy areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets.
E. The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called umshiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi," meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poi- son oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family—Anacardiaceae.
F. Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions: ·Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection). ·A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area. ·A fever above 100 degrees. ·A rash that does not heal after a week.
Japan It has been a long history of 1750 years ever since Confucianism was introduced into this country. Confucius' teachings are in every field of the social life in Japan. Its influence on the people's moral concepts and views about education are the deepest in Japan. It was in the 16th year of Mikado (285 A. D. ) that Confucius' teachings began to be introduced to Japan. In the year the suggestion of a Korean envoy was adopted and Wang Ren, a Chinese court academician was sent to Japan to present to the Mikado ten copies of Lun Yu (The Analects of Confucius) and a copy of an Article of a Thousand Words (Qian Zi Wen). Wang Ren's arriving at Japan is generally regarded as the beginning of Confucianism being spread in the country Confucius' teachings were accepted by both the government and the public. Confucianism quickly took its roots among the people and developed constantly. Combined with the conditions in Japan Confucianism has gradually become part of the national culture of the country. During the time of Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty Japan sent many students to China to study Confucianism. Under the influence of Confucius' theory about a unified domain, Japanese successfully carried the DAIKA Reform after which Japanese society started to transit from a slavish society to a feudal society. The person pulling strings behind the scenes of the reform was a great Confucianist who had studied in China for 20 to 30 years. During the 200 years after the reform Japan had sent to China 19 groups of envoys. The country did its utmost to import the culture of Tang dynasty, develop national education based on Confucianism, spread the thought of the sage, set up universities and hold ceremonies in memory of Confucius. In the years of EDO Confucius' teachings were unprecedentedly popular. The ruling class people took the lead in reading the classical books of Confucianism, setting up education based on Confucianism, building Confucius' Temples. Education was developed, people of talents came forth in large numbers and the academic circle reached to its flourishing time. The major schools include, School of Eclecticism, School of Textual Research. Since the beginning of 20th century, especially in the late thirty years, among countries except China the study of Confucianism is best developed in Japan. Not only that Confucianism influenced Japanese society in the past 1 000 years, it also has great effect on the people at present time. In Italy China is one of the birth places of human civilization. As the kernel of the traditional culture of ancient China, Confucius' teachings greatly influenced not only the historical development of Oriental society, but also the social life of some European countries. Confucius' influence on Italy has something to do with the missionaries who came to China to do missionary work. In 1582, the Society of Jesus sent Matteo Ricci to China. In order to do their missionary work well he studied Confucianism very hard. Matteo Ricci was the first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity. He arrived in Beijing in 1601 and lived there for years. He published the Latin version of the Four $ hus which were the earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European Language. Matteo Ricei had made some contributions to the cultural exchange between the East and the West, so in Italy he was called "the first man who facilitated the flow of culture between China and Western countries", "Learned Western Confucianist" and "Christian Confucius". The study of Confucius in today's Italy has made some progress and several groups of books about Confucius have been published. In France Among European countries, Confucianism has its greatest effect in France. It was introduced to France soon after it was introduced to Italy. During the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, Confucianism had made some positive contributions to the bourgeois revolution in France. Among the great thinkers Confucianism mainly influenced: the Encyclopedism school and Physiocratic school. Its influence on the French Revolution can be seen in the Declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen, drafted by Robespierre, leader of Jacobin Club, the declaration says that freedom is the right belonging to all those who do not do harm to others, the principle of freedom is nature, the rule is justice, the guarantee is the law and the moral limits are in the following, "Don't treat others in the way you do not want to be treated." The Chinese Study Institute of Paris University is the major one that studies Confucianism in France. The subjects include Confucianist Classics and Confucianism. In Grand Larousse Encyclopedique (published in 1973), under the entry of Confucius, Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically. As a representative work of Confucian study in France it starts its discussion with Confucius and ends with Mr. Feng Youlan, a Chinese expert at Confucian study. In America Through missionary activities Americans began to study Confucianism, motivated by capital expansion. The study has been pushed forward while the U. S. China policy and international conditions are changing frequently. From the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, especially during World War Ⅰ and World War Ⅱ, more attention was paid to the work because of political and military reasons. The founding of the People's Republic of China and the triumph of China and Korea over America in Korean War made Americans feel it necessary to work even harder in the study of Chinese history and present conditions. As a result, Confucianism which has influenced Chinese in the history and at present time was paid great attention to, especially in the years after 1960's because of the international conditions, especially the Sino-U. S. relationship, Chinese study in America, including the study of Confucius, developed quickly. In the American academic field Confucius has been given a thorough study and review. More and more Americans began to understand and respect Confucius as a famous intellectual in Chinese history and Confucianism as the representative of Chinese feudal traditional culture. In People's Almanac Handbook, published in 1985 in America, Confucius heads the list of the ten great thinkers in the world. * Confucianism has its greatest effect among European countries in ______ 70. ______ * The first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity was from ______ 71. ______ * More than one thousand years ago, students were sent to China to study Confucianism. They came from ______ 72. ______ * Centuries ago, in ______, the government even set up universities and hold ceremonies in memory of Confucius. 73. ______ * Confucius has been given a thorough study and review for the sake of capital expansion in ______ 74. ______ * War and development motivated the study of Confucianism in ______ 75. ______ * In ______, Confucius' teachings can even find its reflection in the Declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen. 76. ______ * The earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European language appeared in ______ 77. ______ * Confucianism has its most influential power upon foreign countries in ______ 78. ______ * In recent thirty years, Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically in ______ 79. ______
1.
C
2.
B
3.
A
4.
A
5.
D
6.
D
7.
C
8.
B
9.
A
10.
C
Section Ⅳ Writing
1. You have read an article in a magazine which states: "Many people complain that humans are becoming falling under the control of machines. But, in fact, machines are continually improving our lives.. " Write an article to the editor of the same magazine, discussing the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Be sure to support your point of view with reasons and examples from your own experience, observations, or reading. You should write no less than 250 words.