Part Ⅰ Writing Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Way to Success by commenting on Abraham Lincoln's famous remark ," Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe." You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
“Give me six hours to chop down a tree,and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.”(1)From Lincoln's famous remark,we can know that two factors are essential to Success:sufficient preparations and perseverance. (2)For one thing,Success conles to US only after patient planning and good preparation.(3)Having definded our goal,we must have a clear mind about the means to attain the goal.(4)Without sufficientpreparations,many of our efforts would go for nothing and we would most probably end up in failure. (2)For another,perseverance is indispensable to Success.A llano of strong will and perseverance always has an inflexible spirit.He sticks to his cause no matter how tough it might be. (5)As for university students,we should,first and foremost.grasp the necessary knowledge and skills and absorb them to do the Dreoaration Dart.Thus,we are on the way to Success.
[解析] (1)From Lincoln's famous remark承上启下。 (2)For one thing...Foranother...结构,清晰明了。 (3)用having done代替时问状语从句。 (4)使用介同短语.言简意赅,避免了通篇长句。 (5)as for sb.起到自然过渡和衔接作用。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) Directions: In this part, you will have 1,5 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on AnswerSheet 1. For questions 1-7,choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B), C) and D) . For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the inebriation given in the passage.
Google's Plan for World's Biggest Online Library: Philanthropy Or Act of Piracy?
In recent years, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been working hard to make digital copies of books. So far,Google has scanned more than 10 million titles from libraries in America and Europe—including half a million volumes held by the Bodleian in Oxford. The exact method it uses is unclear: the company does not allow outsiders to observe the process. Why is Google undertaking such a venture'? Why is it even interested in all those out-of-print library books, most of which have been gathering dust on forgotten shelves for decades? The company claims its motives are essentially public-spirited. Its overall mission, after all, is to "organise the world's information", so it would be odd if that information did not include books. The company likes to present itself as having lofty aspirations. "This really isn't about making money. We are doing this for the good of society." As Santiago de la Mora, head of Google Books for Europe, puts it: "By making it possible to search the millions of books that exist today,we hope to expand the frontiers of human knowledge." Dan Clancy,the chief architect of Google Books, does seem genuine in his conviction that this is primarily a philanthropic(慈善的)exercise. "Google's core business is search and find,so obviously what helps improve Google's search engine is good for Google," he says, "But we have never built a spreadsheet (电子数据表)outlining the financial benefits of this,and I have never had to justify the amount l am spending to the company's founders." It is easy,talking to Clancy and his colleagues, to be swept along by their missionary passion. But Google's book-scanning project is proving controversial. Several opponents have recently emerged, ranging from rival tech giants such as Microsoft and Amazon to small bodies representing authors and publishers across the world. In broad terms, these opponents have levelled two sets of criticisms at Google. First, they have questioned whether the primary responsibility for digitally archiving the world's books should be allowed to fall to a commercial company. In a recent essay in the New York Review of Books, Robert Darnton, the head of Harvard University's library, argued that because such books are a common resource—the possession of us all—only public, not-for-profit bodies should be given the power to control them. The second related criticism is that Google's scanning of books is actually illegal. This allegation has led to Google becoming mired in (陷入)a legal battle whose scope and complexity makes the Jarndyce and Jarndyce case in Charles Dickens' Bleak House look straightforward. At its centre,however, is one simple issue: that of copyright. The inconvenient fact about most books, to which Google has arguably paid insufficient attention,is that they are protected by copyright. Copyright laws differ from country to country,but in general protection extends for the duration of an author's life and for a substantial period afterwards,thus allowing the author's heirs to benefit. (In Britain and America, this post-death period is 70 years.) This means,of course, that almost all of the books published in the 20th century are still under copyright—and last century saw more books published than in all previous centuries combined. Of the roughly 40 million books in US libraries,for example,an estimated 32 million are in copyright. Of these,some 27 million are out of print. Outside the us, Google has made sure only to scan books that are out of copyright and thus in the "public domain" (works such as the Bodleian's first edition of Middlemarch, which anyone can read for free on Google Books Search). But,within the US, the company has scanned both in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. In its defence, Google points out that it displays only small segments of books that are in copyright—arguing that such displays are "fair use". But critics allege that by making electronic copies of these books without first seeking the permission of copyright holders,Google has committed piracy. "The key principle of copyright law has always been that works can be copied only once authors have expressly given their permission," says Piers Blofeld,of the Sheil Land literary agency in London. "Google has reversed this-it has simply copied all these works without bothering to ask," In 2005, the Authors Guild of America, together with a group of US publishers,launched a class action suit (集团诉讼 )against Google that,after more than two years of negotiation,ended with an announcement last October that Google and the claimants had reached an out-of-court settlement. The full details are complicated the text alone runs to 385 pages—and trying to summarise it is no easy task. "Part of the problem is that it is basically incomprehensible," says Blofeld,one of the settlement's most vocal British critics. Broadly,the deal provides a mechanism for Google to compensate authors and publishers whose rights it has breached (including giving them a share of any future revenue it generates from their works). In exchange for this, the rights holders agree not to sue Google in future. This settlement hands Google the power—but only with the agreement of individual rights holders—to exploit its database of out-of-print books. It can include them in subscription deals sold to libraries or sell them individually under a consumer licence. It is these commercial provisions that are proving the settlement's most controversial aspect. Critics point out that, by giving Google the right to commercially exploit its database, the settlement paves the way for a subtle shift in the company's role from provider of information to seller. "Google's business model has always been to provide information for free, and sell advertising on the basis of the traffic this generates," points out James Grimmelmann, associate professor at New York Law School. Now, he says, because of the settlement's provisions,Google could become a significant force in bookselling. Interest in this aspect of the settlement has focused on "orphan" works, where there is no known copyright holder—these make up an estimated 5-10% of the books Google has scanned. Under the settlement, when no rights holders come forward and register their interest in a work, commercial control automatically reverts to Google. Google will be able to display up to 20% of orphan works for free,include them in its subscription deals to libraries and sell them to individual buyers under the consumer licence. It is by no means certain that the settlement will be enacted (执行)—it is the subject of a fairness hearing in the US courts. But if it is enacted, Google will in effect be off the hook as far as copyright violations in the US are concerned. Many people are seriously concerned by this—and the company is likely to face challenges in other courts around the world. No one knows the precise use Google will make of the intellectual property it has gained by scanning the world's library books, and the truth, as Gleick, an American science writer and member of the Authors Guild, points out, is that the company probably doesn't even know itself. But what is certain is that, in some way or other,Google's entrance into digital bookselling will have a significant impact on the book world in years to come.
1. Google claims its plan for the world's biggest online library is______.
A.to save out-of-print books in libraries
B.to encourage reading around the world
C.to promote its core business of searching
D.to serve the interest of the general public
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据题干关键词claims its plan定位到第二段第三句:The company chfims its motives are essentially public-spirited.谷歌宣称它将扫描图书放在网上是出于公益动机,D)项是public—spirited(热心公益的)的同义转述。
2. According to Santiago de la Mora, Google's book-scanning project will______.
A.make full use of the power of its search engine
B.help the broad masses of readers
C.revolutionise the entire book industry
D.broaden humanity's intellectual horizons
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据题干关键词Santiago de la Mora定位到第三段最后一句:As Santiago de la Mora,head of Google Books for Europe,puts it:“BV making it possible to search the millions of books that exist today,we hope to expand the frontiers of human knowledge.”Santiago de la Mora说他们希望通过使搜索现存图书成为可能来扩展人类知识的领域,D)项是对expand...的同义转述。
3. Opponents of Google Books believe that digitally archiving the world's books should be controlled by______.
A.non-profit organisations
B.the world's tech giants
C.multinational companies
D.the world's leading libraries
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据题干关键词opponents,digitally archiving the world's books定位到第六段第一句:First,they have questioned whether the primary responsibility for digitally archiving the world’s books should be allowed to fall to a commercial company.该句对世界图书进行电子存档是否应该允许商业公司来做提出了疑问。下一句做出了回答,即对世界图书进行电子存档应该由公有的、非营利组织来控制,A)项正确。
4. Google has involved itself in a legal battle as it ignored______.
A.the copyright of the books it scanned
B.the interest of traditional booksellers
C.the differences of in-print and out-of-print books
D.the copyright of authors of out-of-print books
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据题干关键词legal battle定位到第七段第二句:This allegation has led to Google becoming mired in a legal battle whose scope and complexity makes the Jarndyce and Jarndyce case in Charles Dickens’Bleak House look straightforward.该句指出谷歌陷入一场诉讼战中。第八段第一句:At its centre,however,is one simple issue:that of copyright.指出这场战役的核心是版权问题,故A)项正确。
5. Google defends its scanning in-copyright books by saying that______.
A.making electronic copies of books is not a violation of copyright
B.it displays only a small part of their content
C.it is willing to compensate the copyright holders
D.the online display of in-copyright books is not for commercial use
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据题干关键词defends定位到第十段第二句:In its defence,Google points out that it displays only small segments of books that are in copyright—arguing that such displays are“fair use”.在辩护中,谷歌指出它只是显示了版权图书的一小部分内容,并认为这样的显示是“正当采用”,B)项与原文一致。
6. What do we learn about the class action suit against Google?
A.It ended in a victory for the Authors Guild of America.
B.It could lead to more out-of-court settlements of such disputes.
C.It failed to protect the interests of American publishers.
D.It was settled after more than two years of negotiation.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据题干关键词the class action suit定位到第十二段第一句:In 2005,the Authors Guild of America,together with a group of US publishers,launched a class action suit against Google that,after more than two years of negotiation.ended with an announcement last October that Google and the claimants had reached an out-of-court settlement.2005年开始的集团诉讼经过了两年多的谈判后,终于在去年lo月份达成庭外和解协议,故D)项正确。
7. What remained controversial after the class action suit ended?
A.The change in Google's business model,
B.The compensation for copyright holders.
C.The commercial provisions of the settlement.
D.Google's further exploitation of its database.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据题干关键词controversial定位到第十四段最后一句:It is these commercial provisions that are proving the settlement's most controversial aspect.该句中的the settlement指的就是集团诉讼案的庭外和解协议。由该句可知,该协议的商业性条款是最有争议的部分,故C)项正确。
8. While______,Google makes money by selling advertising.
providing information for free
[解析] 根据题干关键词selling advertising定位到第十五段第二句:“Google's business model has always been to provide information for free.and sell advertising on the basis of the traffic this generates,”谷歌的商业模式一直都是免费提供信息,在浏览免费信息产生的访问量的基础上出售广告。题干中的主句对应sell advertising…,那么while从句就应该对应原文中and前的分句。根据题干句子结构可知,答案应为providing information for free。
9. Books whose copyright holders are not known are called______.
orphan works
[解析] 根据题干关键词copyright holders are not known定位到第十六段第一句:Interest in this aspect of the settlement has focused on“orphan”works,where there is no known copyright holder--these make up an estimated 5-10% of the books Google has scanned.该句中where引导的定语从句是对“orphan”works(“孤儿”作品)的解释说明,题干中的copyright holders are not known对应no known copyright holder,故答案为“orphan”works。
10. Google's entrance into digital bookselling will tremendously______in the future.
impact(on)the book world
[解析] 根据题干关键词Google's entrance into digital bookselling定位到最后一段最后一句:...Google's entrance into digital bookselling will have a significant impact on the book world in years to come.谷歌进入电子图书销售领域在未来几年将会对世界图书界产生重大影响。题干句子结构要求答案应是动宾短语,所以应对原文进行转换,答案为impact(on)the book world。
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C)and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
[解析] M: I don't know what to do.I have to drive to Chicago next Friday for my cousin's wedding,but I have got a Psychology test to prepare for. W: Why don't you record your notes so you can study on the way? Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?
[解析] M: Professor Wright,you may have to find another student to play this role.The lines are so long and I simply can't rememberthem all. W: Look,Tony.It's still a long time before the first show.I don’t expect you to know all the lines yet.Just keep practicing. Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
[听前预测] 根据选项关键词lines,show.playing the part,role等推测对话可能与记台词或表演有关。 [答案解析] 男士觉得他扮演的角色台词太长,不能全部记住,所以让女士找别人来演他的角色。由此推断,男士对自己扮演的角色没有信心,故选C)项。
3.
A.Arranging a bed for a patient.
B.Rescuing the woman's uncle.
C.A complicated surgical case.
D.Preparations for an operation.
A B C D
A
[解析] M: Hello,this is Dr.Martin from the Emergency Department.I have a male patient with a fractured ankle. w: Oh,we have one bed available in Ward 3. Send him here and 1 will take care of him. Q: What are the speakers talking about?
B.He is interested in improving his editing skills.
C.He is eager to be nominated the new editor.
D.He is sure to do a better job than Simon.
A B C D
A
[解析] W: Since Simon will graduate this May,the school paper needs a new editor.So if you are interested,I will be happy to nominate you. M: Thanks for considering me.But the baseball team is starting up a mew season,and I'm afraid I have a lot on my hands. Q: What does the man mean?
A.He has been successfully elected Prime Minister.
B.He has already reached the retirement age.
C.He has left his position in the government.
D.He made a stupid decision at the cabinet meeting.
A B C D
C
[解析] W: Have you heard the news that James Mill has resigned his post as Prime Minister? M: Well,I got it from the headlines this morning.It's reported that he made public his decision at the last cabinet meeting. Q: What do we learn about James Mil?
[听前预测] 根据选项关键词he,elected,retirement age,left his position等推测对话可能与男士的任职情况有关。 [答案解析] 女士问男士是否听到James Mill已经辞去首相职务的新闻,男士说他从今天早上的头条新闻得知了这一消息,并说据报道,James Mill在上一次内阁会议上公布了他的决定,故选C)项。
A.This year's shuttle mission is a big step in space exploration.
B.The shuttle flight will be broadcast live worldwide.
C.The man is excited at the news of the shuttle flight.
D.The man is well informed about the space shuttle missions.
A B C D
D
[解析] W: The morning paper says the space shuttle is taking off at 10 a.m.tomorrow. M: Yeah,it's just another one of this year's routine missions.The first mission was undertaken a decade ago and broadcast live then worldwide. Q: What can we infer from this conversation?
[解析] M: We do a lot of camping in the mountains.What would you recommend for two people? W: You'd probably be better off with the four-wheel-drive vehicle.We have several offroad trucks in stock,both new and used. Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?
[解析] W: I hear you did some serious shopping this past weekend. M: Yeah,the speakers from my old stereo finally gave out and there was on way to repair them. Q: What did the man do over the weekend?
[解析] 19-21 W: Now.could you tell me where the idea for the business first came from? M: Well.(19)the original shop was opened by a retired printer by the name of Grubv.Mr.Gruby,being left-handed himself,thought of the idea to try and promote a few 13roducts for left-handers. W: And how did he then go about actually setting up the business? M: Well,he looked for any left—handed products that might already be on the market which were very few,(19)and then contacted the manufacturers with the idea of having products produced for him, mainly in the scissors range to start with. W: Right.So you do commission some part of your stock. M: Yes,very much so.(20)About 75 percent out stock is specially made for us. W: And the rest of it? M: Hmm,the rest of it now.some 25,30 years after Mr.Gruby's initial efforts,there are more left—laanded products actually on the market.Manufacturers are now beginning to see that there is a market for left-handed products. W: And what's the range of your stock? M: The range consists of a variety of scissors from children scissors to scissors for tailors,hairdressers etc.We also have a large range of kitchenware. W: What's the competition like?Do you have quite a lot of competition? M: (21)There tire other people in the business now.11 specialists.but only as mail order outlets.But we have a shop here in central London plus a mail order outlet.And we are without any doubt the largest supplier of left-handed items.
[解析] 22-25 M: Can we make you an offer?(22)We would like to run the campaign for four extra weeks. W: Well.can we summarize the problem from my point of view?First of all,(22)the campaign was late.It missed two important trade fairs.The ads also did not appear into key magazines.As a result,the campaign failed.Do you accept that summary of what happened? M: well.(23)the tiehiy wash’t entirely our fault.You did in fact make Iate changes to the specifications of the advertisements. W: Uh,actually,you were late with the initial proposals so you llave very little time and jn fact.we only asked forsmall changes. M: Well,whatever,can we repeat our offer to run the campaign for four extra weeks? W: That's not really the point.The campaign missed two key trade fairs.Because of this.(24)we are asking you either to repeat the campaign next year for free,or we only pay 50%of the fee for this year. M: Could we suggest a 20%reduction to the fee together with the foul‘weeks’extension to the campaign? W: We are not happy.We lost business. M: I think we both made mistakes.The responsibility is on both sides. W: Ok,let's suggest a new solution.How about a 40% cut in fee,or a free repeat campaign? M: Wcll,(25)let's take a break.We're not getting very far.Perhaps we should think about this.
Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One
A.They are looked after by animal-care organizations.
B.They sacrifice their lives for the benefit of humans.
C.They look spotlessly clean throughout their lives.
D.They are labeled pet animals by the researchers.
A B C D
B
[解析] 26-29 The University of Tennessee's Walters Life Sciences Building is a model animal facility,spotlessly clean,careful in obtaining prior approval for experiments from an animalcare committee.(26)Of the 15,000 mice housed there in a typical year,most give their lives for humanity.These are “good”mice and as such won the protection of the animal-care committee.At any given time,however.some mice escape and run free.These mice are pests.(27)They can disrupt experiments with the bacteria organisms they carry.They are“bad”mice and must be captured and destroyed.Usually,this is accomplished by means of“sticky”traps,akind of fly paper on which they become increasingly stuck.But the real point of this cautionary tale,says animal behaviorist Herzog,is that the labels we put on things can affect our moral responses to them.Using“sticky”traps or the more deadly snap traps would be deemed unacceptable for good mice.(28)Yet the killing of“bad”mice requires no prior approval.Once the research animal hits the floor and becomes an escapee.says Herzog,its moral standing is instantly diminished.In Herzog’s own home,there was a more ironic example.When his young son's pet mouse,Willie,died recently.it was accorded a cearful ceremonial burial in the garden.(29)Yet even as they mourned Willie,says Herzog,he and his wife were setting snap traps to kill the pest mice in their kitchen with the bare change in labels from pet to pest.the kitchen mice attained a totally different nloral status.
[解析] 30-32 There are roughly three New Yorks.There is,first,(30)the New York of the man or woman who was born here,who takes the city for granted and accepts its size and its turbulence as natural and inevitable.Second,there is the New York of the commuter—the city that is swallowed up by locusts each day and spat out each night.Third,there is the New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York in quest of something.Of these three trembling cities the greatest is the last—the city of final destination。the city that is a goal.1t is this third city that accounts for New York's high-strung disposition,its dedication to the arts,and its incomparable achievements.(31)Commuters give the city its tidal restlessness;natives give it solidity and continuity;but the settlers give it passion.(32)And whether it is a farmer arriving from Tab to set up a small grocery store in a slum,or a young girl arriving from a small town in Mississippi to escape the indignitv of being observed by her neighbors,or a boy arrivin from the Corn Belt with a manuscript in his suitcase and a pain in his heart,it makes no difference:each embraces New York with the intense excitement of first love.each absorbs New York with the fresh eyes of an adventurer,each generates heat and light to dwarf the Consolidated Edison Company.
[解析] 33-35 “If you ask me,television is unhealthy”,I said to my roommate Walter.as I walked into the living room.“While you are sitting passively in front of the T.V.set,your muscles are turning to fat,your complexion is fading,and your eyesight is being ruined." “Shh...”Walter put his finger to his lips.(33)“This is an intriguing murder mystery." “Really?”I replied. “But you know,(34)the brain is destroyed by T.V.viewing.Creativity is killed by that box.And people arc kept from communicating with one another.From my point of view,T.V.is the cause of declinininterest in school and the failure of our entire educational system.” “Ah ha,I kind of see your point.”Walter said softly.“But see?The woman on the witness stand in this story is being questioned about a murder that was committed one hundred years ago." Ignoring his enthusiastic description of the plot,I went on with my argument. “As I see it,”I explained,“not only are most T.V.programs badly written and produced,but viewers are also manipulated by the mass media.As far as I am concerned,T.V.wattles are cut off from reality,from nature,from other people,from life itself!”I was confident in my ability to persuade. After a short silence,my roommate said,“Anyway.race been planning to watch the football game.I am going to change the channel." (35)"Don't touce that dial!"I shouted,"I want to find out how the mystery turns out!" I am not sure I got my point to cross.
Section C Directions: in this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully ]'or its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered 44 to 46 you are required to .fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. In the past,one of the biggest disadvantages of machines has been their inability to work on a micro-scale. For example,doctors did not have devices allowing them to go inside the human body to 1 health problems or to perform 2 surgery. Repair crews did not have a way of 3 broken pipes located deep within a high-rise 4 building. However, that's about to change. Advances in computers and biophysics have started a microminiature (超微) 5 that allows scientists to envision—and in some cases actually build— microscopic machines. These devices promise to 6 change the way we live and work. Micromachines already are making an impact. At Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland,Ohio, research scientists have designed a 4-inch silicon chip that holds 700 tiny 7 motors. At Lucas NovaSensor in Fremont,California,scientists have perfected the world's first microscopic blood-pressure sensor. Threaded through a person's blood 8 , the sensor can provide blood pressure readings at the valve of the heart itself. 9 . Auto manufacturers, for example, are trying to use tiny devices 10 . Some futurists envision nanotechnology (纳米技术) also being used to explore the deep sea in small submarines, or even to launch finger-sized rockets packed with microminiature instruments. There is an explosion of new ideas and applications. So, 11 .
[解析] 36-46 In the past,one of the biggest disadvantages of machines has been their inability to work on a micro-scale. For example,doctors did not have devices allowing them to go inside the human body to detect health problems or to perform delicate surgery. Repair crews did not have a way of identifying broken pipes located deep within a high-rise apartment building. However, that's about to change. Advances in computers and biophysics have started a microminiature (超微) revolution that allows scientists to envision—and in some cases actually build— microscopic machines. These devices promise to dramatically change the way we live and work. Micromachines already are making an impact. At Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland,Ohio, research scientists have designed a 4-inch silicon chip that holds 700 tiny primitive motors. At Lucas NovaSensor in Fremont,California,scientists have perfected the world's first microscopic blood-pressure sensor. Threaded through a person's blood vessels, the sensor can provide blood pressure readings at the valve of the heart itself. Although simple versions of miniature devices have had an impact,advanced versions al l still several years away. Auto manufacturers, for example, are trying to use tiny devices that can sense when to release an airbag and how to keep engines and brakes operating efficiently. Some futurists envision nanotechnology (纳米技术) also being used to explore the deep sea in small submarines, or even to launch finger-sized rockets packed with microminiature instruments. There is an explosion of new ideas and applications. So, when scientists now think about future machines doing large and complex tasks,they’re thinking smaller than ever before.
Although simple versions of miniature devices have had an impact,advanced versions al l still several years away
[解析] 虽然微型机械的简易版本已经产生影响,但是先进版本的诞生仍需数年。 关键点: simple versions,miniature devices,impact,advanced versions 大意:Although simple versions of miniature devices have already had an influence on us,the development of its advanced version still needs several years
10.
that can sense when to release an airbag and how to keep engines and brakes operating efficiently
[解析] (这些设备)能够感应到何时需要打开安全气蠼及如何使发动机和刹车正常运转 关键点: sense.release,airbag,engines and brakes,operating,efficiently 大意:that can exam the time to open an airbag and how to keep engines and brakes functioning well
11.
when scientists now think about future machines doing large and complex tasks,they’re thinking smaller than ever before
[解析] 当科学家们现在考虑让未来的机器执行庞大而复杂的任务时,他们想象的机器比以往任何时候都小 关键点:scientists,future machines,complex,than ever before 大意:when scientists now think about future machines doing big and complex tasks,the size of the machine in their mind is smaller than ever before
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
Section A Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete statements ill the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2. Leadership is the most significant word in today's competitive business environment because it directs the manager of a business to focus inward on their personal capabilities and style. Experts on leadership will quickly point out that "how things get done" influences the success of the outcomes and indicates a right way and a wrong way to do things. When a noted leader on the art of management, Peter Drucker,coined the phrase "Management is doing things right, leadership is doing the right things,"he was seeking to clarify the distinctions he associates with the terms. When Stephen Covey, founder and director of the Leadership Institute, explored leadership styles in the past decade, he focused on the habits of a great number of highly effective individuals. His Seven Habits of Highly Effective People became a popular bestseller very quickly. His ideas forced a reexamination of the early leadership paradigm (范例) ,which he observed centered on traits found in the character ethic and the personality ethic. The former ethic suggested success was founded on integrity, modesty, loyalty, courage, patience, and so forth. The personality ethic suggested it was one's attitude, not behavior, that inspired success, and this ethic was founded on a belief of positive mental attitude. In contrast to each of these ideas, Covey advocates that leaders need to understand universal principles of effectiveness, and he highlights how vital it is for leaders to first personally manage themselves if they are to enjoy any hope of outstanding success in their work environments. To achieve a desired vision for your business, it is vital that you have a personal vision of where you are headed and what you value. Business leadership means that managers need to "put first things first," which implies that before leading others, you need to be clear on your own values, abilities, and strengths and be seen as trustworthy.
1. To be good leaders, managers must pay close attention to their own______.
capabilities and style
[解析] 根据题干关键词manager和their定位到文章第一段第一句:Leadership is the most significant word in today's competitive business environment because it directs the manager of a business to focus inward on their personal capabilities and style.在当今充满竞争的商务环境下,领导才能成为最重要的词语,因为它引导商务管理人员将注意力集中在他们的个人能力和做事方式上。题干中的pay close attention to是原文中focus inward on的同义转述;own是personal的同义转述。
2. According to Peter Drucker,leaders should be good at______.
doing the right things
[解析] 根据题干关键词Peter Drucker和leaders定位到文章第一段最后一句:Peter Drucker,coined the phrase“Management is doing things right,leadership is doing the right things。”...PeterDrucker创造出了这样一个短语——“管理是正确地做事,领导才能是做正确的事。”题干中的leader是leadership的同义转述;should be good at相当于原文中的is。
3. The personality ethic suggests that people arc likely to succeed if they have______.
positive mental attitudes
[解析] 根据题干关键词personality ethic suggests和succeed定位到文章第二段第五句:The personality ethic suggested it was one's attitude,not behavior,that inspired success,and this ethic was founded on a belief of positive mental attitude.性格魅力表明,激发成功的因素是一个人的态度,而不是他的行为,而且这种伦理是建立在拥有积极心态的信念之上的。题干中的people are likely to succeed是inspired Success的同义转述。因为空处所在的if从句主语是they,故填入positive mental attitudes,attitude应为复数形式。
4. According to Stephen Covey,leaders who hope to achieve outstanding success need first of all to______.
personally manage themselves
[解析] 根据选项关键词Stephen Covey,leaders,hope,outstanding success,need定位到文章的倒数第三句:...Covey advocates that leaders need to…,and he highlights how vital it is for leaders to first personally manage themselves if they are to enjoy any hope of outstanding success in their work environments.…Covey倡导领导应该…,而且他强调领导者要想要在工作中取得巨大成功,首先进行自我管理是至关重要的。题干中的hope to achieve outstanding Success是原句中if they are to enjoy any hope of outstanding success的同义转换。由题干中的不定式符号to可知,此处应填入动词或动词短语,故根据题意应填入personally manage themselves。
5. Good leadership requires one to know one's own strengths and be able to win people's______.
trust
[解析] 根据题干中的leadership和strength定位到原文最后一句:Business leadership means that managers need to“put first things first,”which implies that before leading others,you need to be clear on your own values,abilities,and strengths and be seen as trustworthy.商务领导才能意味着经理们需要“要事先做”,这就意味着在领导他人之前,你应当先清楚自己的价值、能力和优势,而且要赢得他人的信任。其中be able to win people's trust是原文中be seen as trustworthy的同义转换。由空格前的所有格people's可知此处应当填入一个名词,所以应当把trustworthy转换成名词trust。
Section B Directions : There are 2 passages in this section. "Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One What's the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate? China? India? Brazil ? How about trade? When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doom saying. Imports,which soared to $200.3 billion in the month,are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth. But there's another way of looking at the trade data. Over the past two years, the figures on imports and exports seem not to signal a double-dip recession—a renewed decline in the broad level of economic activity in the United States—but an economic expansion. The rising volume of trade—more goods and services shuttling in and out of the United States—is good news for many sectors. Companies engaged in shipping, trucking, rail freight, delivery, and logistics (物流)have all been reporting better than expected results. The rising numbers signify growing vitality in foreign markets—when we import more stuff, it puts more cash in the hands of people around the world, and U.S. exports are rising because more foreigners have the ability to buy the things we produce and market. The rising tide of trade is also good news for people who work in trade-sensitive businesses, especially those that produce commodities for which global demand sets the price—agricultural goods, mining, metals, oil. And while exports always seem to lag, U.S. companies are becoming more involved in the global economy with each passing month. General Motors sells as many cars in China as in America each month. While that may not do much for imports,it does help GM's balance sheet—and hence makes the jobs of U. S.-based executives more stable. One great challenge for the U.S. economy is slack domestic consumer demand. Americans are paying down debt, saving more,and spending more carefully. That's to be expected,given what we've been through. But there's a bigger challenge. Can U. S.-based businesses, large and small, figure out how to get a piece of growing global demand? Unless you want to pick up and move to India. or Brazil, or China, the best way to do that is through trade. It may seem obvious, but it's no longer enough simply to do business with our friends and neighbors here at home. Companies and individuals who don't have a strategy to export more,or to get more involved in foreign markets, or to play a role in global trade,are shutting themselves out of the lion's share of economic opportunity in our world.
1. How do pessimists interpret the U.S. trade deficit in June?
A.It could lead to slower growth of the national economy.
B.It reflects Americans' preference for imported goods.
C.It signifies a change in American economic structure.
D.It is the result of America's growing focus on domestic market.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据题干关键词pessimists定位到第二段最后一句:Should such imbalances continue,pessimists say,they could contribute to slower growth.悲观主义者认为,如果贸易不平衡继续下去.就会导致更缓慢的增长,A)项“它会导致国家经济增长缓慢”是对原文的同义转述.故为答案。 [避错指导] B)项“它反映了美国人对进口产品的喜爱”,C)项“它意味着美国经济结构的变化”和D)项“它是美国对国内市场日益关注的结果”在原文中均没有提及。
2. What does the author say about the trade data of the past two years?
A.It indicates that economic activities in the U.S. have increased.
B.It reflects the fluctuations in the international market.
C.It shows that U.S. economy is slipping further into recession.
D.It signals decreasing domestic demand for goods and services.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据题干关键词the author,the trade data of the past two years定位到第三段第二句:Over the past two years,the figures on imports and exports seem not to signal a double-dip recession...but an economic expansion.该句是作者的观点,他认为过去两年中,进出VI的数据显示出经济扩张的迹象。第四段通过进出口活动的增加说明了这一点。A)项“它显示了美国经济活动有所增加”是对原文这两段话的概括。 [避错指导] B)项“它反映了国际市场的波动”,C)项“它表明美国经济进一步衰退”和D)项“它表示对商品和服务的国内需求下降”均不是作者的看法。
3. Who particularly benefit from the rising volume of trade?
A.People who have expertise in international trade.
B.Producers of agricultural goods and raw materials.
C.Consumers who favor imported goods and services.
D.Retailers dealing in foreign goods and services.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据题干关键词the rising volume of trade定位到第四段:...The rising tide of trade is also good news for people who work in trade-sensitive businesses,especially those that produce commodities for which global demand sets the price--agricultural goods,mining,metals.oil.该段指出贸易量的增加对很多行业来说都是好消息,一是对从事海运、货车运输、铁路货运等的公司有利;二是对在贸易敏感行业工作的人有利,尤其是那些生产价格由全球需求影响的商品(比如农产品、矿产品、金属、石油)的企业。B)项“农产品和原材料的生产者”是其中一个方面,故正确。 [避错指导] A)项“在国际贸易上有专长的人”,C)项“喜欢进口产品和眼务的消费者”和D)项“经营外国商品和服务的零售商”在原文中均没有提及。
4. What is one of the challenges facing the American economy?
A.Decreasing productivity.
B.People's reluctance to spend.
C.Competition from overseas.
D.Slack trade activities.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据题于关键词one of the challenges定位到第六段第一句:One great challenge for the U.S.economy is slack domestic consumer demand.美国经济面临的一个很大的挑战就是疲软的国内消费需求。第二句进行了进一步说明:美国人用现金支付.存钱更多,花钱也更谨慎,B)项“人们不愿意花钱”与原文一致。 [避错指导] A)项“降的生产力”,C)项“来自国外的竞争”和D)项“萎靡不振的贸易活动”均与原文不符。
5. What is the author's advice to U.S. companies and individuals?
A.To import more cheap goods from developing countries.
B.To be alert to fluctuations in foreign markets.
C.To increase their market share overseas.
D.To move their companies to where labor is cheaper.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据题干关键测companies and individuals定位到最后…段:Companies and individuals who don't have a strategy to export more,or to get more involved in foreign markets,or to play a role ill global trade,are shutting themselves out of the lion's share of economic opportunity in our world.公司和个人若没有增加出口、参与国外市场,或在国际贸易中发挥作用的战略,就是在把自己隔绝在巨大的全球经济机会份额之外,C)项“增加海外市场份额”与原文一致。 [避错指导] A)项“从发展中国家进口更多便宜的商品”,B)项“对外国市场的波动更警觉”和D)项“把公司搬到劳动力便宜的地方”在原文中均没有提及。
Passage Two A recurring criticism of the UK's university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services. Recently,the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system. However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the UK now leads on many indicators of commercialisation activity. When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past decade have helped transform the performance of UK universities. Evidence suggests the UK's position is much stronger than in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But National data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders. This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the UK and is mirrored across other economies. In the UK, research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities receive 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and licence income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialisation work creates differences between universities. The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximise the impact of their research efforts. These universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise in order to build greater confidence in the sector. Part of the economic recovery of the UK will be driven by the next generation of research commercialisation spilling out of our universities. There are three dozen universities in the UK which are actively engaged in advanced research training and commercialisation work. If there was a greater coordination of technology transfer offices within regions and a simultaneous investment in the scale and functions of our graduate schools,universities could, and should, play a key role in positioning the UK for the next growth cycle.
1. What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialisation ?
A.They have lost their leading position in many ways.
B.They fail to convert knowledge into money.
C.They do not regard it as their responsibility.
D.They still have a place among the world leaders.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据题干关键commercialisation定位到原文第三段最后一句:The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia,Canada,USA and UK shows that,from a relatively weak starting position,the UK now leads on many indicators of commercialisation activity.即:最近的一组数据对澳大利亚、加拿大、美国和英国的大学和研究所的表现进行了对比,数据显示.虽然英国起点相对较低,但其目前在许多商品化活动的指标上都处于领先地位。也就是说英国的大学及研究所在商业化的世界领导者中占有一席之地,D)项是对原文内容的同义转述。 [避错指导] 文章第一段提到英国的大学在将知识转化成产品和服务的能力方面不断遭受着批评。第二段提到英国国家干细胞网络发出了警告:如果没有资金和立法支持的话,英同将在干细胞研究方而失去领军地位。A)项“它们在很多方面丧失了引领地位”,是对这两段的错误理解。B)项“它们未能把知识转化为金钱”及C)项…它们不把它当做自己的责任”文中均没有提到。
2. What does the author say about the national data on UK universities' performance in commercialisation?
A.It does not rank UK universities in a scientific way.
B.It does not reflect the differences among universities.
C.It indicates their ineffective use of government resources.
D.It masks the fatal weaknesses of government policy.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据题干关键词national data定位到原文第叫段第三句:But National data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities.即:但是全国的数据掩盖了各个大学之间表现出的巨大差异。B)项中的does not reflect是原文中masks的同义转述.differences应原文中的variation。 [避错指导] A)项“它没有以科学的方式给英国大学排名”,C)项“它暗示了大学刘政府资源的无效利用”.D)项“它掩盖了政府政策的致命弱点”文中均未提及。
3. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that "policy interventions" (Line 1, Para. 4)refers to______.
A.concentration of resources in a limited number of universities
B.government aid to non-research-oriented universities
C.compulsory cooperation between universities and industries
D.fair distribution of funding for universities and research institutions
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据题干提示定位到原文第四段第一句及第五段。第四段第一句:When viewed at the national level.the policy interventions of the past decade...从全国水平来看,过去十年的政策介人对英国大学的表现的转变有所帮助。第五段:这种偏态分布不仅仅是英国独有的,在其他经济体也存在这样的问题。在英国,研究是高度集中的:不到25%的大学却拥有75%的研究资金。而这些火学也同时是培养士体最多,产生的科学著作、专利和授权收入最多的机构。可以知道This type of uneven distribution即对应第叫段笫一句的policy intcrventions.可见,资源集中在有限的大学中,综合归纳可知A)项是正确答案。 [避错指导] B)项政府对非研究为导向的人学的支持及C)项“大学与产业之间必不可少的合作”文中均没有提及;D)项“对大学及研究所资金的公平分配”与原文要表达的意思相反。
4. What does the author suggest research-led universities do?
A.Spread their influence among top research institutions.
B.Generously share their facilities with those short of funds.
C.Publicise their research to win international recognition.
D.Fully utilise their research to benefit all sectors of society.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据题干关键词research-led universities定位到原文第六段第一句:The core obiective for universities which are research-led must be to maximise the impact of their research efforts.研究型大学的核心目标就是将研究成果的利益最大化。接下来第二旬提到这些大学应该产生出最广泛的社会、经济及环境效益。也就是充分利用其研究以造福社会各方面。D)项是对原文内容的正确概括。 [避错指导] A)项“在顶级研究所中扩大其影响”、B)项“慷慨地与那些缺少资金的大学分享其设施”以及C)项“公布他们的研究从而赢得国际认可”文中均未提及。
5. How can the university sector play a key role in the UK's economic growth?
A.By promoting technology transfer and graduate school education.
B.By establishing more regional technology transfer offices.
C.By increasing the efficiency of technology transfer agencies.
D.By asking the government to invest in technology transfer research.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据题干关键词universities,play a key role,UK,growth定位到原文最后一段:如果地区内的技术转移办公室间有更多的合作,而且我们的研究院在规模和功能方面有同步的投资,大学将可能,而且应该在将英国推向下一个增长周期中发挥关键作用。即技术转移和研究院教育水平很重要,A)项为正确答案。 [避错指导] 文中提到了“如果地区间技术转移办公室能更好地合作…”,而不是B)项“通过建立更多的地区技术转移办公室”;C)项“通过提高技术转化机构的效率”过于片面;D)项“通过要求政府在技术转移研究中投资”文中未提及。
Part Ⅴ Cloze Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are .four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. If you know where to find a good plastic-free shampoo, can you tell Jeanne Haegele? Last September, the 28-year-old Chicago resident 1 to cut plastics out of her life. The marketing coordinator was concerned about 2 the chemicals coming out of some common types of plastic might be doing to her body. She was also worried about the damage all the plastic 3 was doing to the environment. So she 4 on her bike and rode to the nearest grocery store to see what she could find that didn't 5 plastic. "I went in and 6 bought anything," Haegele says. She did 7 some canned food and a carton (纸盒)of milk— 8 to discover later that both containers were 9 with plastic resin (树脂). "Plastic," she says,"just seemed like it was in everything." She's right. Back in the 1960s, plastic was well 10 its way to becoming a staple of American life. The U.S. produced 28 million tons of plastic waste in 2005—27 million tons of which 11 in landfills (垃圾填埋场). Our food and water come 12 in plastic. It's used in our phones and our computers, the cars we drive and the planes we ride in. But the 13 adaptable substance has its dark side. Environmentalists feel worried about the petroleum needed to make it. Parents worry about the possibility of 14 chemicals making their way from 15 plastic into children's bloodstreams. Which means Haegele isn't the only person trying to cut plastic out of her life—she isn't 16 the only one blogging about this kind of 17 . But those who've tried know it's 18 from easy to go plastic-free. "These things seem to be so common 19 it is practically impossible to avoid coming into 20 with them," says Frederick vom Saaha biologist at the University of Missouri.
[解析] 名词辨析题。填空处动词词组的宾语them指代plastics,因此只有come into contact with“与…产生接触”符合逻辑。 [避错指导] agreement“一致”,approach“方法,接近”,fashion“时尚,形式”都不合适。
Part Ⅵ Translation Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer ,Sheet 2.
1. You shouldn't have run across the road without looking. You______(也许会被车撞倒的).